{
    "abstract": "Tobacco smoking statistics are alarming and the oral mucosa is the first human part of the body that is exposed to the toxic substances of smoking.\nConsidering the high prevalence rate of tobacco-associated problems in the oral cavity and few studies on the Iranian population regarding the effects of smoking on the oral cavity, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between smoking and oral lesions in the Iranian population.\nObservational study. In this observational study, the oral cavities of 200 participants (smokers = 100 and non-smokers = 100) were examined by a trained dental student under the supervision of an oral and maxillofacial medicine expert, and the presence of coated tongue, leukoedema, leukoplakia, smoker's palate, smoker's melanosis, erythroplakia, frictional hyperkeratosis, acute pseudomembranous candidiasis, and erythematous candidiasis were recorded. Xerostomia was evaluated based on participants' self-reporting through a questionnaire. All data were analyzed using T-test, Chi-square test, odd ratio, 95% confidence interval, Fisher's exact test, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.\nThe results of this study showed smoking is significantly associated with an increased risk of coated tongue (OR: 1.80, 95% CI: 1.32-3.54, P = 0.005), smoker's melanosis (OR: 6.176, 95% CI: 3.28-11.62, P = 0.00002), and frictional hyperkeratosis (OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 0.68-2.60, P = 0.005). However, no significant association was observed between smoking and leukoedema (OR: 1, 95% CI: 0.51-1.94, P = 1). None of the participants presented smoker's palate, erythroplakia, and candidiasis.\nThis study's results showed that smokers exhibited a greater chance of developing oral lesions compared to non-smokers.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Oral Medicine Department, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.",
            "firstname": "R",
            "initials": "R",
            "lastname": "Shoorgashti"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": null,
            "firstname": "A",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Moshiri"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": null,
            "firstname": "S",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Lesan"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "Copyright \u00a9 2024 Copyright: \u00a9 2024 Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice.",
    "doi": "10.4103/njcp.njcp_702_23\n10.1136/bcr-2018-225921",
    "journal": "Nigerian journal of clinical practice",
    "keywords": [],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2024-04-29",
    "pubmed_id": "38679769",
    "results": "The results of this study showed smoking is significantly associated with an increased risk of coated tongue (OR: 1.80, 95% CI: 1.32-3.54, P = 0.005), smoker's melanosis (OR: 6.176, 95% CI: 3.28-11.62, P = 0.00002), and frictional hyperkeratosis (OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 0.68-2.60, P = 0.005). However, no significant association was observed between smoking and leukoedema (OR: 1, 95% CI: 0.51-1.94, P = 1). None of the participants presented smoker's palate, erythroplakia, and candidiasis.",
    "title": "Evaluation of Oral Mucosal Lesions in Iranian Smokers and Non-smokers.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788502856c00>"
}