{
    "abstract": "Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common in cats, and early detection is crucial for better prognosis. Currently, the gold standard to assess renal function is the measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), allowing early detection of decreased kidney function. To overcome the practical limitations of this procedure, microsampling, collecting a small drop of blood from the cat's ear, can be used. Application of volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) in feline nephrology would be of tremendous value, aligning with animal welfare and improving practical feasibility of GFR measurements.\nWe developed and successfully validated liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods to simultaneously determine iohexol and creatinine in plasma, blood and VAMS samples. A clinical validation study, conducted in 23 cats from whom conventional venous blood, plasma and VAMS samples were collected, allowed to establish a conversion formula to derive plasma iohexol or creatinine concentrations from capillary VAMS concentrations. This conversion was applied on an independent set, revealing an excellent agreement for both iohexol and creatinine between concentrations directly measured in venous plasma or derived from ear-prick VAMS samples (94% and 96% of differences lay\u2009<\u200920%, respectively).\nWe demonstrated that ear-prick sampling using VAMS is a suitable alternative to conventional venous sampling to measure iohexol and creatinine for GFR determination in cats.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.",
            "firstname": "Hanna",
            "initials": "H",
            "lastname": "De Baets"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.",
            "firstname": "Marleen",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Brans"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.",
            "firstname": "Dominique",
            "initials": "D",
            "lastname": "Paepe"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. christophe.stove@ugent.be.",
            "firstname": "Christophe P",
            "initials": "CP",
            "lastname": "Stove"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "\u00a9 2025. The Author(s).",
    "doi": "10.1186/s12917-025-04748-2\n10.1016/j.cvsm.2012.04.008\n10.1177/1098612X16631234\n10.1177/1098612X13495235\n10.1177/1098612X14545274\n10.1111/j.1939-1676.2001.tb02331.x\n10.1093/ckj/sfw070\n10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0110.x\n10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113102\n10.1016/j.trac.2017.10.002\n10.1159/000102997\n10.1007/s00467-018-4110-4\n10.1016/j.jpba.2017.07.029\n10.1177/0969141315593571\n10.1111/bcp.15433\n10.1016/j.jpha.2019.06.003\n10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122623\n10.4155/bio.13.27\n10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.05.022\n10.1097/FTD.0000000000000643\n10.1093/jat/bkx002\n10.1021/ac020361s\n10.1177/0004563220948886\n10.1016/j.jpba.2018.10.010\n10.1007/s00216-014-8415-2\n10.1016/j.aca.2023.340797\n10.1126/sciadv.abn0756\n10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462430\n10.3109/00365519009091579\n10.1038/sj.ki.5000240\n10.1007/s40262-022-01187-2\n10.1093/ajcn/nqab146\n10.1515/cclm-2020-1180",
    "journal": "BMC veterinary research",
    "keywords": [
        "Chronic kidney disease",
        "Creatinine",
        "Glomerular filtration rate",
        "Iohexol",
        "Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry",
        "Volumetric absorptive microsampling"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2025-04-28",
    "pubmed_id": "40289070\n22720808\n26936494\n23999183\n25146661\n11467595\n27679715\n18498324\n32014628\n17522471\n30315406\n28803682\n26113437\n35670960\n31452964\n33735803\n23484790\n26028367\n31268966\n28137730\n12964746\n32713180\n30317075\n25542583\n36657891\n36083897\n34384960\n2162080\n16609689\n36451028\n34020458\n33112777",
    "results": "We developed and successfully validated liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods to simultaneously determine iohexol and creatinine in plasma, blood and VAMS samples. A clinical validation study, conducted in 23 cats from whom conventional venous blood, plasma and VAMS samples were collected, allowed to establish a conversion formula to derive plasma iohexol or creatinine concentrations from capillary VAMS concentrations. This conversion was applied on an independent set, revealing an excellent agreement for both iohexol and creatinine between concentrations directly measured in venous plasma or derived from ear-prick VAMS samples (94% and 96% of differences lay\u2009<\u200920%, respectively).",
    "title": "Volumetric absorptive microsampling to measure iohexol and creatinine concentrations for estimation of glomerular filtration rate in cats: aligning animal welfare with practical feasibility.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788505520680>"
}