{
    "abstract": "The measurement of tidal volumes via respiratory-induced surface movements of the upper body has been an objective in medical diagnostics for decades, but a real breakthrough has not yet been achieved. The improvement of measurement technology through new, improved sensor systems and the use of artificial intelligence have given this field of research a new dynamic in recent years and opened up new possibilities. Based on the measurement from a motion capture system, the respiration-induced surface motions of 16 test subjects were examined, and specific motion parameters were calculated. Subsequently, linear regression and a tailored convolutional neural network (CNN) were used to determine tidal volumes from an optimal set of motion parameters. The results showed that the linear regression approach, after individual calibration, could be used in clinical applications for 13/16 subjects (mean absolute error < 150 mL), while the CNN approach achieved this accuracy in 5/16 subjects. Here, the individual subject-specific calibration provides significant advantages for the linear regression approach compared to the CNN, which does not require calibration. A larger dataset may allow for greater confidence in the outcomes of the CNN approach. A CNN model trained on a larger dataset would improve performance and may enable clinical use. However, the database of 16 subjects only allows for low-risk use in home care or sports. The CNN approach can currently be used to monitor respiration in home care or competitive sports, while it has the potential to be used in clinical applications if based on a larger dataset that could be gradually built up. Thus, a CNN could provide tidal volumes, the missing parameter in vital signs monitoring, without calibration.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Institute of Technical Medicine (ITeM), Furtwangen University, 78056 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany.",
            "firstname": "Bernhard",
            "initials": "B",
            "lastname": "Laufer"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Institute of Technical Medicine (ITeM), Furtwangen University, 78056 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany.\nInnovation Center Computer Assisted Surgery (ICCAS), University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.",
            "firstname": "Tamer",
            "initials": "T",
            "lastname": "Abdulbaki Alshirbaji"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.",
            "firstname": "Paul David",
            "initials": "PD",
            "lastname": "Docherty"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Innovation Center Computer Assisted Surgery (ICCAS), University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.",
            "firstname": "Nour Aldeen",
            "initials": "NA",
            "lastname": "Jalal"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Institute of Technical Medicine (ITeM), Furtwangen University, 78056 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany.",
            "firstname": "Sabine",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Krueger-Ziolek"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Institute of Technical Medicine (ITeM), Furtwangen University, 78056 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany.\nDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.",
            "firstname": "Knut",
            "initials": "K",
            "lastname": "Moeller"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": null,
    "doi": "10.3390/s25082401\n10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.278\n10.1515/cdbme-2017-0040\n10.1016/j.bspc.2021.102801\n10.3390/electronics11182849\n10.1053/j.sult.2022.12.002\n10.1007/978-3-030-33128-3_1\n10.1038/s41551-017-0132-7\n10.1016/j.media.2021.102306\n10.1159/000511351\n10.1016/j.jbi.2022.104240\n10.1080/17476348.2020.1743181\n10.4103/atm.atm_192_23\n10.1016/j.jaip.2021.02.014\n10.1097/MCP.0000000000000852\n10.1152/jappl.1967.22.3.407\n10.1590/S1413-35552012005000061\n10.1159/000462916\n10.4187/respcare.04436\n10.1055/s-0034-1385864\n10.1249/MSS.0000000000000130\n10.1183/09031936.05.00034805\n10.1183/09031936.97.10061415\n10.1016/j.rmed.2011.02.006\n10.1152/jappl.1980.48.4.577\n10.1152/jappl.1972.33.2.252\n10.3390/s23031278\n10.1177/095952874803100129\n10.4187/respcare.01655\n10.1113/jphysiol.1954.sp005099\n10.3390/s23177407\n10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.11.661\n10.1016/j.ifacol.2023.10.351\n10.1109/EMBC40787.2023.10340473\n10.3390/s21082875\n10.1109/TIM.2018.2889363\n10.1038/s41746-019-0083-3\n10.1183/20734735.008417\n10.1515/cdbme-2020-3060\n10.3390/s22176423\n10.3390/s22176689\n10.1038/s41598-022-17473-9\n10.1152/jappl.1964.19.4.698\n10.23736/S0022-4707.18.08689-9\n10.1519/JSC.0000000000002005\n10.1139/apnm-2015-0140\n10.1152/jappl.1965.20.6.1179\n10.1016/j.jocm.2018.07.002",
    "journal": "Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)",
    "keywords": [
        "artificial intelligence",
        "neuronal networks",
        "respiratory parameters",
        "smart clothing",
        "wearables"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2025-04-26",
    "pubmed_id": "40285091\n36792270\n32030660\n31015666\n34879287\n33447600\n36368631\n32166988\n38766378\n33618053\n34873098\n4225383\n23184278\n28329750\n27094395\n25254900\n24042313\n16055882\n19961639\n9192953\n21356587\n6769880\n5054434\n36772318\n20895901\n22348414\n13175123\n37687863\n38082618\n33921900\n31304358\n28966692\n36080881\n36081149\n35918415\n14195582\n30024125\n28759538\n26360814\n33019026",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Tidal Volume Monitoring via Surface Motions of the Upper Body-A Pilot Study of an Artificial Intelligence Approach.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x7885040bbf10>"
}