{
    "abstract": "Breast density (BD) and background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) are important imaging biomarkers for breast cancer (BC) risk. We aim to evaluate longitudinal changes in quantitative BD and BPE in high-risk women undergoing dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI), focusing on the effects of age and transition into menopause.\nA retrospective cohort study analyzed 834 high-risk women undergoing breast DCE-MRI for screening between 2005 and 2020. Quantitative BD and BPE were derived using deep-learning segmentation. Linear mixed-effects models assessed longitudinal changes and the effects of age, menopausal status, weeks since the last menstrual period (LMP-wks), body mass index (BMI), and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on these imaging biomarkers.\nBD decreased with age across all menopausal stages, whereas BPE declined with age in postmenopausal women but remained stable in premenopausal women. HRT elevated BPE in postmenopausal women. Perimenopausal women exhibited decreases in both BD and BPE during the menopausal transition, though cross-sectional age at menopause had no significant effect on either measure. Fibroglandular tissue was positively associated with BPE in perimenopausal women.\nWe highlight the dynamic impact of menopause on BD and BPE and correlate well with the known relationship between risk and age at menopause. These findings advance the understanding of imaging biomarkers in high-risk populations and may contribute to the development of improved risk assessment leading to personalized chemoprevention and BC screening recommendations.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "University of Toronto, Department of Medical Biophysics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.\nBlavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.",
            "firstname": "Grey",
            "initials": "G",
            "lastname": "Kuling"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "University of Toronto, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.",
            "firstname": "Jennifer D",
            "initials": "JD",
            "lastname": "Brooks"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Division of Breast Imaging, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.\nUniversity of Toronto, Department of Medical Imaging, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.",
            "firstname": "Belinda",
            "initials": "B",
            "lastname": "Curpen"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre, Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.\nUniversity of Toronto, Department of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.",
            "firstname": "Ellen",
            "initials": "E",
            "lastname": "Warner"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "University of Toronto, Department of Medical Biophysics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.\nSunnybrook Research Institute, Physical Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.",
            "firstname": "Anne L",
            "initials": "AL",
            "lastname": "Martel"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "\u00a9 2025 The Authors.",
    "doi": "10.1117/1.JMI.12.S2.S22002\n10.1002/cncr.20971\n10.7326/0003-4819-148-9-200805060-00007\n10.1001/jama.2012.388\n10.2214/AJR.13.12264\n10.1186/s13058-020-01375-7\n10.1148/radiol.11102156\n10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.0174\n10.1148/radiol.2019182441\n10.1118/1.4829496\n10.1109/JBHI.2014.2311163\n10.1002/mp.12079\n10.1016/j.acra.2019.01.012\n10.1002/jmri.27429\n10.1038/s41598-020-75167-6\n10.1002/mp.13375\n10.1117/12.2564131\n10.1148/radiology.203.1.9122382\n10.1186/bcr779\n10.1186/s13058-018-1078-8\n10.1200/JCO.2013.52.8331\n10.1117/12.911299\n10.3390/jimaging8050131\n10.1088/0031-9155/52/13/010\n10.1186/s13058-015-0577-0\n10.1038/s41523-022-00458-2\n10.1007/s00330-019-06020-2\n10.1093/jnci/90.18.1371\n10.1016/S0140-6736(97)08233-0\n10.1016/S1470-2045(23)00578-8\n10.1002/ijc.31370\n10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-16-0882",
    "journal": "Journal of medical imaging (Bellingham, Wash.)",
    "keywords": [
        "background parenchymal enhancement",
        "breast cancer risk",
        "breast density",
        "dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging",
        "imaging biomarkers",
        "menopause"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2025-03-13",
    "pubmed_id": "40078986\n15800894\n18458280\n22474203\n25794083\n33287857\n21493794\n29621362\n31237494\n24320533\n25561456\n28035663\n30713130\n33219624\n33093572\n30609062\n9122382\n15084246\n30594212\n19196902\n24934793\n35621895\n17664578\n25986460\n36008488\n30796568\n9747868\n10213546\n38070530\n29524207\n28148596",
    "results": "BD decreased with age across all menopausal stages, whereas BPE declined with age in postmenopausal women but remained stable in premenopausal women. HRT elevated BPE in postmenopausal women. Perimenopausal women exhibited decreases in both BD and BPE during the menopausal transition, though cross-sectional age at menopause had no significant effect on either measure. Fibroglandular tissue was positively associated with BPE in perimenopausal women.",
    "title": "Impact of menopause and age on breast density and background parenchymal enhancement in dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788502bca160>"
}