{
    "abstract": "This work presents a vibration-based non-contact monitoring method to classify the physical activity of a mouse inside a home cage. A novel tuned-beam sensing device is developed to measure low-amplitude activity-induced cage vibrations. The sensing device uses a mechanical beam structure to enhance a six-axis IMU that increases the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by 20 to 40 times in a relevant environment. A sophisticated classification algorithm is developed to process vibration sequences with a variable time frame that utilizes multi-level discrete wavelet transformation (MLDWT) to extract time-frequency features and optimize signal properties. The extracted features are classified by a convolutional neural network-long short-term memory (CNN-LSTM) machine learning model to determine the activity class. The ground truth is obtained with a camera-based system using EthoVision XT from Noldus and a custom post-processor. The method is developed on a dataset containing 300 h of vibration measurements with camera-based reference and includes two separate home cages and two individual mice. The method classifies the activity types Resting, Stationary Activity, Walking, Activity in Feeder, and Drinking with an accuracy of 86.81% and an average F1 score of 0.798 using a 9 s time frame. In long-term monitoring, the proposed method reproduces behavioral patterns such as sleep and acclimatization as accurately as the reference method, enabling home cage monitoring in the husbandry environment with a low-cost sensor.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Electrical Engineering and Applied Sciences, Westphalian University of Applied Sciences, 45897 Gelsenkirchen, Germany.",
            "firstname": "Pieter",
            "initials": "P",
            "lastname": "Try"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.",
            "firstname": "Ren\u00e9 H",
            "initials": "RH",
            "lastname": "Tolba"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Electrical Engineering and Applied Sciences, Westphalian University of Applied Sciences, 45897 Gelsenkirchen, Germany.",
            "firstname": "Marion",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Gebhard"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": null,
    "doi": "10.3390/s25082549\n10.3390/eng4030102\n10.1007/s00170-021-07703-1\n10.1016/j.ymssp.2020.107077\n10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103954\n10.1145/3274783.3275177\n10.1016/j.ymssp.2020.107499\n10.1145/3384419.3430571\n10.3389/fbuil.2020.560497\n10.1145/3412382.3458902\n10.3390/s22124367\n10.3389/fnbeh.2022.877323\n10.1186/s13036-017-0079-y\n10.1186/1740-3391-4-7\n10.1523/ENEURO.0160-19.2019\n10.1371/journal.pone.0211063\n10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108323\n10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.06.001\n10.1371/journal.pone.0220751\n10.3390/s23198045\n10.1038/s41593-018-0209-y",
    "journal": "Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)",
    "keywords": [
        "activity classification",
        "activity monitoring",
        "home cage monitoring",
        "inertial measurement unit",
        "machine learning",
        "sensor fusion noise reduction",
        "signal processing",
        "vibration sensing"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2025-04-26",
    "pubmed_id": "40285239\n35746149\n35464142\n29177007\n16674816\n31235468\n30716111\n31255597\n22698663\n31374097\n37836875\n30127430",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Vibration-Based Non-Contact Activity Classification for Home Cage Monitoring Using a Tuned-Beam IMU Sensing Device.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x78850539e8e0>"
}