{
    "abstract": "Pelvic venous disorder (PVD) is a common gynecological disorder caused by chronic pelvic venous congestion. Clinically, it primarily manifests as lower abdominal pain, lower back pain, dyspareunia, increased menstrual flow, and increased vaginal discharge, though positive physical signs are few. The gynecological examination may reveal bilateral ovarian tenderness. The clinical symptoms of PVD are nonspecific and overlap with those of other gynecological conditions, leading to a high rate of missed diagnoses and making accurate diagnoses challenging. The exact etiology of PVD is not fully understood, and there is currently no comprehensive diagnostic standard. Radiology plays a crucial role in the diagnosis and treatment of PVD. Through invasive or non-invasive imaging techniques, pelvic lesions can be assessed, providing precise guidance for clinical treatment and evaluation of therapeutic efficacy. This review introduces the causes of PVD, the advantages and disadvantages of various non-invasive and invasive imaging examinations, and the key diagnostic points. The aim of this review is to help clinicians and radiologists better understand the disease and improve the accuracy of imaging diagnosis.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's, Ningbo 315040 China. Electronic address: gjywl-0506@163.com.",
            "firstname": "Weili",
            "initials": "W",
            "lastname": "Yang"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 261, Huansha Road, Hangzhou 310006 China. Electronic address: qlihorse00@163.com.",
            "firstname": "Linglin",
            "initials": "L",
            "lastname": "Sun"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Radiology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315040 China. Electronic address: 375435581@qq.com.",
            "firstname": "YanQiao",
            "initials": "Y",
            "lastname": "Shi"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Radiology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315040 China. Electronic address: 471419596@qq.com.",
            "firstname": "Tao",
            "initials": "T",
            "lastname": "Ye"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Radiology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315040 China. Electronic address: rmliqiang@nbu.edu.cn.",
            "firstname": "Qiang",
            "initials": "Q",
            "lastname": "Li"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "Copyright \u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.ejrad.2025.111940",
    "journal": "European journal of radiology",
    "keywords": [
        "Computed tomography, X-ray",
        "Doppler ultrasound imaging",
        "Magnetic resonance imaging",
        "Pelvic venous disorders",
        "Venous valve insufficiency"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2025-01-26",
    "pubmed_id": "39862625",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Radiological evaluation of pelvic venous Disorders: A comprehensive review.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x7885061f8e00>"
}