{
    "abstract": "Hydrogels are extensively utilized in stem cell-based tissue regeneration, providing a supportive environment that facilitates cell survival, differentiation, and integration with surrounding tissues. However, designing hydrogels for regenerating hard tissues like bone presents significant challenges. Here, we introduce macroporous hydrogels with spatiotemporally programmed mechanical properties for stem cell-driven bone regeneration. Using liquid-liquid phase separation and interfacial supramolecular self-assembly of protein fibres, the macroporous structure of hydrogels provide ample space to prevent contact inhibition during proliferation. The rigid protein fibre-coated pore shell provides sustained mechanical cues for guiding osteodifferentiation and protecting against mechanical loads. Temporally, the hydrogel exhibits tunable degradation rates that can synchronize with new tissue deposition to some extent. By integrating localized mechanical heterogeneity, macroporous structures, surface chemistry, and regenerative degradability, we demonstrate the efficacy of these stem cell-encapsulated hydrogels in rabbit and porcine models. This marks a substantial advancement in tailoring the mechanical properties of hydrogels for stem cell-assisted tissue regeneration.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China. xuebinnju@nju.edu.cn.\nJinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China. xuebinnju@nju.edu.cn.\nInstitute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China. xuebinnju@nju.edu.cn.",
            "firstname": "Bin",
            "initials": "B",
            "lastname": "Xue"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.\nChemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, and State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.",
            "firstname": "Zhengyu",
            "initials": "Z",
            "lastname": "Xu"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.\nJiangsu Engineering Research Center for 3D Bioprinting, Nanjing, China.",
            "firstname": "Lan",
            "initials": "L",
            "lastname": "Li"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.",
            "firstname": "Kaiqiang",
            "initials": "K",
            "lastname": "Guo"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.",
            "firstname": "Jing",
            "initials": "J",
            "lastname": "Mi"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.",
            "firstname": "Haipeng",
            "initials": "H",
            "lastname": "Wu"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.",
            "firstname": "Yiran",
            "initials": "Y",
            "lastname": "Li"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.",
            "firstname": "Chunmei",
            "initials": "C",
            "lastname": "Xie"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.",
            "firstname": "Jing",
            "initials": "J",
            "lastname": "Jin"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.",
            "firstname": "Juan",
            "initials": "J",
            "lastname": "Xu"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China.",
            "firstname": "Chunping",
            "initials": "C",
            "lastname": "Jiang"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China.",
            "firstname": "Xiaosong",
            "initials": "X",
            "lastname": "Gu"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.",
            "firstname": "Meng",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Qin"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China. qingj@nju.edu.cn.\nJiangsu Engineering Research Center for 3D Bioprinting, Nanjing, China. qingj@nju.edu.cn.",
            "firstname": "Qing",
            "initials": "Q",
            "lastname": "Jiang"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China. caoyi@nju.edu.cn.\nJinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China. caoyi@nju.edu.cn.\nInstitute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China. caoyi@nju.edu.cn.\nChemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, and State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China. caoyi@nju.edu.cn.",
            "firstname": "Yi",
            "initials": "Y",
            "lastname": "Cao"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China. wangwei@nju.edu.cn.\nInstitute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China. wangwei@nju.edu.cn.",
            "firstname": "Wei",
            "initials": "W",
            "lastname": "Wang"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "\u00a9 2025. The Author(s).",
    "doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-59016-6",
    "journal": "Nature communications",
    "keywords": [],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2025-04-17",
    "pubmed_id": "40240370\n30808416\n28987452\n30210552\n26748754\n30241615\n29364285\n22258608\n16973174\n29760740\n22657917\n18374759\n25415508\n23839578\n19965464\n16923388\n33035411\n32094658\n27770630\n28816316\n32939089\n19940912\n19940913\n28991456\n22635042\n37308586\n34762454\n31663014\n34916490\n15034559\n19472329\n34123409\n29115301\n16293750\n32848221\n33707778\n26618884\n33875851\n34504006\n33531489\n26366848\n30003179\n33561941\n20378163\n30772515\n15268909\n23524375\n25799370\n36624263\n30772759\n31388014\n36908012\n25851120\n35648497\n34112772\n25989348\n32848095\n37344650\n25266456\n31221969\n14718651\n37697009\n36224447\n35523800\n25742124\n22351759\n26140604\n27497863\n25100531\n32678016\n33438419\n30878582\n38954541\n39567697\n39871679\n37885916\n32901139\n33997497\n36042209\n35181672\n25560703\n32161103\n32940013\n12704396",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Hydrogels with programmed spatiotemporal mechanical cues for stem cell-assisted bone regeneration.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x7885068f4a90>"
}