{
    "abstract": "Electronic health record (EHR) or medical claims-based algorithms (i.e., operational definitions) can be used to define safety outcomes using real-world data. However, existing tools do not allow researchers and decision-makers to adequately appraise whether a particular algorithm is fit for purpose (FFP) to support regulatory decisions on drug safety surveillance. Our objective was to develop a tool to enable regulatory decision-makers and other stakeholders to appraise whether a given algorithm is FFP for a specific decision context.\nWe drafted a set of 77 generic items informed by regulatory guidance documents, existing instruments, and publications. The outcome of ischemic stroke served as an exemplar to inform the development of draft items. The items were designed to be outcome independent. We conducted a three-round online Delphi panel to develop and refine the tool and achieve consensus on items (>\u00a070% agreement) among panel participants composed of regulators, researchers from pharmaceutical organizations, academic clinicians, methodologists, pharmacoepidemiologists, and cardiologists. We conducted a qualitative analysis of panel responses. Five pairs of reviewers independently evaluated two ischemic stroke algorithm validation studies to test its application. We developed a user guide, with explanation and elaboration for each item, guidance on essential and additional elements for user responses, and an illustrative example of a complete assessment. Furthermore, we conducted a 2-h online stakeholder panel of 16 participants from regulatory agencies, academic institutions, and industry. We solicited input on key factors for an FFP assessment, their general reaction to the Algorithm CErtaInty Tool (ACE-IT), limitations of the tool, and its potential use.\nThe expert panel reviewed and made changes to the initial list of 77 items. The panel achieved consensus on 38 items, and the final version of the ACE-IT includes 34 items after removal of duplicate items. Applying the tool to two ischemic stroke algorithms demonstrated challenges in its application and identified shared concepts addressed by more than one item. The ACE-IT was viewed positively by the majority of stakeholders. They identified that the tool could serve as an educational resource as well as an information-sharing platform. The time required to complete the assessment was identified as an important limitation. We consolidated items with shared concepts and added a preliminary screen section and a summary assessment box based on their input. The final version of the ACE-IT is a 34-item tool for assessing whether algorithm validation studies on safety outcomes are FFP. It comprises the domains of internal validity (24 items), external validity (seven items), and ethical conduct and reporting of the validation study (three items). The internal validity domain includes sections on objectives, data sources, population, outcomes, design and setting, statistical methods, reference standard, accuracy, and strengths and limitations. The external validity domain includes items that assess the generalizability to a proposed target study. The domain on ethics and transparency includes items on ethical conduct and reporting of the validation study.\nThe ACE-IT supports a structured, transparent, and flexible approach for decision-makers to appraise whether electronic health record or medical claims-based algorithms for safety outcomes are FFP for a specific decision context. Reliability and validity testing using a larger sample of participants in other therapeutic areas and further modifications to reduce the time needed to complete the assessment are needed to fully evaluate its utility for regulatory decision-making.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA. sonal.singh@umassmemorial.org.\nDivision of Health Systems Science, Department of Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, USA. sonal.singh@umassmemorial.org.",
            "firstname": "Sonal",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Singh"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.",
            "firstname": "Julie",
            "initials": "J",
            "lastname": "Beyrer"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Pfizer, Global Medical Epidemiology, Paoli, PA, USA.",
            "firstname": "Xiaofeng",
            "initials": "X",
            "lastname": "Zhou"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Janssen R&D, LLC, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.",
            "firstname": "Joel",
            "initials": "J",
            "lastname": "Swerdel"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Janssen R&D, LLC, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.",
            "firstname": "Raymond A",
            "initials": "RA",
            "lastname": "Harvey"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.",
            "firstname": "Kenneth",
            "initials": "K",
            "lastname": "Hornbuckle"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Pfizer, Global Medical Epidemiology, Paoli, PA, USA.",
            "firstname": "Leo",
            "initials": "L",
            "lastname": "Russo"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Reagan-Udall Foundation for the FDA, Washington, DC, USA.",
            "firstname": "Kanwal",
            "initials": "K",
            "lastname": "Ghauri"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Division of Health Systems Science, Department of Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, USA.",
            "firstname": "Ivan H",
            "initials": "IH",
            "lastname": "Abi-Elias"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Division of Health Systems Science, Department of Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, USA.",
            "firstname": "John S",
            "initials": "JS",
            "lastname": "Cox"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Reagan-Udall Foundation for the FDA, Washington, DC, USA.",
            "firstname": "Carla",
            "initials": "C",
            "lastname": "Rodriguez-Watson"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": "The ACE-IT supports a structured, transparent, and flexible approach for decision-makers to appraise whether electronic health record or medical claims-based algorithms for safety outcomes are FFP for a specific decision context. Reliability and validity testing using a larger sample of participants in other therapeutic areas and further modifications to reduce the time needed to complete the assessment are needed to fully evaluate its utility for regulatory decision-making.",
    "copyrights": "\u00a9 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.",
    "doi": "10.1007/s40264-022-01254-4\n10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.10.006\n10.7326/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009\n10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012799\n10.1136/bmj.m4856\n10.1002/pds.3856\n10.1002/cpt.2045\n10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.12.002\n10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03716.x\n10.1016/0038-0121(71)90041-3\n10.1046/j.1365-2524.1999.00176.x\n10.1097/MD.0000000000009440\n10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.003408\n10.1080/03007995.2021.1901223\n10.1016/j.jbi.2019.103208\n10.1016/j.jbi.2008.08.010\n10.1097/EDE.0b013e3182821e75\n10.1002/pds.1518\n10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.113.000371\n10.1161/01.STR.0000032240.28636.BD\n10.1002/pds.1924\n10.1126/scitranslmed.aal4599",
    "journal": "Drug safety",
    "keywords": [],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2022-11-18",
    "pubmed_id": "36396894\n21194889\n22007046\n28137831\n27668559\n33436424\n26282185\n32911562\n35296149\n23469377\n24581294\n16422719\n762686\n11560634\n29384925\n24525955\n33733969\n31078660\n18929686\n24963021\n23377095\n17979142\n25587093\n12364739\n20140892\n29167393",
    "results": "The expert panel reviewed and made changes to the initial list of 77 items. The panel achieved consensus on 38 items, and the final version of the ACE-IT includes 34 items after removal of duplicate items. Applying the tool to two ischemic stroke algorithms demonstrated challenges in its application and identified shared concepts addressed by more than one item. The ACE-IT was viewed positively by the majority of stakeholders. They identified that the tool could serve as an educational resource as well as an information-sharing platform. The time required to complete the assessment was identified as an important limitation. We consolidated items with shared concepts and added a preliminary screen section and a summary assessment box based on their input. The final version of the ACE-IT is a 34-item tool for assessing whether algorithm validation studies on safety outcomes are FFP. It comprises the domains of internal validity (24 items), external validity (seven items), and ethical conduct and reporting of the validation study (three items). The internal validity domain includes sections on objectives, data sources, population, outcomes, design and setting, statistical methods, reference standard, accuracy, and strengths and limitations. The external validity domain includes items that assess the generalizability to a proposed target study. The domain on ethics and transparency includes items on ethical conduct and reporting of the validation study.",
    "title": "Development and Evaluation of the Algorithm CErtaInty Tool (ACE-IT) to Assess Electronic Medical Record and Claims-based Algorithms' Fit for Purpose for Safety Outcomes.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x78850581bc90>"
}