{
    "abstract": "Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) from wireless technology and mobile phones, operates at various frequencies. The present study analyses the major impact of short-term exposure to 2.4\u00a0GHz frequency EMR, using the two model systems chick embryos and SH-SY5Y cell lines. We hypothesized that exposure to this frequency would induce oxidative stress and apoptosis in neurons.\nChick embryos were exposed continuously to 2.4\u00a0GHz EMR for 4\u00a0h each day over a 5-day period, and comparisons were made with a control group. At the end of the exposure, brain tissues were dissected for histopathological analysis, antioxidant assays, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection. Additionally, SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to 2.4\u00a0GHz EMR to assess cell viability, DNA damage, and apoptosis. Our results showed that exposure to 2.4\u00a0GHz EMR induces oxidative stress in both chick embryos and the SH-SY5Y cells, though no significant tissue-level impact was observed. In SH-SY5Y cells, ROS production increased after 4\u00a0h of exposure, accompanied by moderate DNA damage and early markers of apoptosis, such as upregulation of the Bax gene. Furthermore, we observed that antioxidants, such as NAC and Mito-TEMPO, helped mitigate the cytotoxic effects of EMR in both the study models.\nIn conclusion, short-term exposure (4\u00a0h) to 2.4\u00a0GHz EMR induced moderate cellular and molecular changes, primarily oxidative stress. The oxidative stress was reduced by antioxidants, which suggests potential benefits in preventing EMR-induced cytotoxicity. Extended exposure to EMR beyond 4\u00a0h may pose adverse health risks to humans, endorsing further investigation.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Molecular Genetics and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-46, Tamil Nadu, India.",
            "firstname": "Krishnan",
            "initials": "K",
            "lastname": "Deena"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Environmental Health and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-46, Tamil Nadu, India.",
            "firstname": "Gobichettipalayam Balasubramaniam",
            "initials": "GB",
            "lastname": "Maadurshni"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Environmental Health and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-46, Tamil Nadu, India.",
            "firstname": "Jeganathan",
            "initials": "J",
            "lastname": "Manivannan"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Molecular Genetics and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-46, Tamil Nadu, India. rshgmb@buc.edu.in.",
            "firstname": "Ramasamy",
            "initials": "R",
            "lastname": "Sivasamy"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": "In conclusion, short-term exposure (4\u00a0h) to 2.4\u00a0GHz EMR induced moderate cellular and molecular changes, primarily oxidative stress. The oxidative stress was reduced by antioxidants, which suggests potential benefits in preventing EMR-induced cytotoxicity. Extended exposure to EMR beyond 4\u00a0h may pose adverse health risks to humans, endorsing further investigation.",
    "copyrights": "\u00a9 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.",
    "doi": "10.1007/s11033-025-10217-8\n10.3390/s23115183\n10.1109/35.968817\n10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.11.002\n10.1016/j.etap.2017.04.016\n10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115632\n10.1016/j.pathophys.2017.11.001\n10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101784\n10.3389/fnagi.2010.00012\n10.1002/1873-3468.12972\n10.1590/S0001-37652009000300011\n10.1083/jcb.201006121\n10.1089/ars.2012.4953\n10.3390/antiox9060472\n10.1007/s11011-009-9164-3\n10.1007/s12038-018-9744-7\n10.1007/s12011-019-01811-6\n10.3109/15368378.2016.1144063\n10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.09.051\n10.3109/09553002.2015.1028599\n10.1080/15368378.2022.2065682\n10.3390/ijms232113210\n10.3390/ijms21197069\n10.1016/j.mod.2016.05.003\n10.1371/journal.pone.0182788\n10.1007/s11356-022-19243-6\n10.1007/s10856-006-0615-7\n10.1016/j.acthis.2014.12.001\n10.1172/JCI125173\n10.1016/j.bionut.2013.08.005\n10.3390/app10113840\n10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2019-0123\n10.1016/j.neulet.2004.11.041\n10.21769/BioProtoc.3877\n10.1007/s10439-012-0653-x\n10.1038/s41419-022-05027-w\n10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113280\n10.1007/s12079-019-00534-6\n10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.08.063\n10.3109/15368378.2011.596250\n10.1016/j.tox.2008.05.019\n10.3390/biomedicines11123129\n10.2528/PIERB11011205\n10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.01.003\n10.1016/j.jsps.2021.02.004\n10.3390/biomedicines11123306\n10.1016/j.neuro.2011.04.003\n10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.02.013\n10.3967/bes2018.006\n10.1080/15368378.2020.1830793\n10.1186/s12978-015-0062-3",
    "journal": "Molecular biology reports",
    "keywords": [
        "Apoptosis",
        "Calcium ion",
        "Electromagnetic radiation",
        "Oxidative stress",
        "SH-SY5Y"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2025-01-21",
    "pubmed_id": "39836269\n37299909\n19954937\n28458069\n33254645\n29153770\n32205214\n20552050\n29323696\n21135141\n23845067\n32498250\n19823925\n29872015\n31317470\n27362544\n18986685\n25775055\n35435088\n36361993\n32992895\n27178379\n28777818\n25596876\n31329158\n15698934\n33732765\n22965641\n35821227\n35724508\n31659628\n35002399\n21861693\n18585429\n38137349\n26775760\n33981177\n38137528\n21524663\n25703814\n29409585\n33081559\n25561377",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Short-term exposure of 2.4 GHz electromagnetic radiation on cellular ROS generation and apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cell line and impact on developing chick embryo brain tissue.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788504d76700>"
}