{
    "abstract": "Although typically unnoticed, Chlamydia infections in swine have been shown to be both widespread and may impact production characteristics and reproductive performance in swine. Serum titers suggest Chlamydia infection within boar studs is common, and infected boars are known to shed chlamydia in their ejaculates. Although the transmission of viruses in chilled extended semen (ES) is well established, the inclusion of antibiotics in commercially available extender is generally believed to limit or preclude the transmission of infectious bacteria. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of ES used in artificial insemination to support transmission of the obligate intracellular bacteria Chlamydia suis (C suis) under standard industry conditions. First, the effect of C suis on sperm quality during storage was assessed by flow cytometry. Only concentrations above 5 \u00d7 10(5) viable C suis/mL caused significant spermicidal effects which only became evident after 7\u00a0days of storage at 17\u00a0\u00b0C. No significant effect on acrosome reaction was observed using any chlamydial concentration. Next, an in\u00a0vitro infection model of swine testicular fibroblast cells was established and used to evaluate the effect of chilled storage on C suis viability under variable conditions. Storage in Androhep ES reduced viability by 34.4% at a multiplicity of infection of 1.25, an effect which increased to 53.3% when the multiplicity of infection decreased to 0.1. Interestingly, storage in semen extender alone (SE) or ES with additional antibiotics had no effect on bacterial viability. To rule out a secondary effect on extender resulting from metabolically active sperm, C suis was stored in fresh and expended SE and again no significant effect on bacterial viability was observed. Fluorescent microscopy of C suis in ES shows an association between bacteria and the remaining gel fraction after storage suggesting that the apparent reduction of bacterial viability in the presence of semen is due to adherence to gel fraction. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that C suis remains viable and infectious during chilled storage and is globally unaffected by antibiotics in extender. Thus, ES used in artificial insemination may act as a viable transmission mechanism for C suis in swine.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO)-International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.",
            "firstname": "G",
            "initials": "G",
            "lastname": "Hamonic"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO)-International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.",
            "firstname": "J A",
            "initials": "JA",
            "lastname": "Pasternak"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO)-International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.",
            "firstname": "T",
            "initials": "T",
            "lastname": "K\u00e4ser"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "LUNAM Universit\u00e9, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food Sciences and Engineering, UMR BioEpAR, Nantes, France; INRA, UMR1300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in Animal Health, Nantes, France.",
            "firstname": "F",
            "initials": "F",
            "lastname": "Meurens"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO)-International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Electronic address: heather.wilson@usask.ca.",
            "firstname": "H L",
            "initials": "HL",
            "lastname": "Wilson"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "Copyright \u00a9 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.03.018",
    "journal": "Theriogenology",
    "keywords": [
        "Artificial insemination",
        "Biosecurity",
        "Chlamydia",
        "Herd health",
        "Semen",
        "Semen extender"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2016-04-19",
    "pubmed_id": "27087534",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Extended semen for artificial insemination in swine as a potential transmission mechanism for infectious Chlamydia suis.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788503c3d3a0>"
}