{
    "abstract": "Multisystem inflammatory disease in children (MIS-C) is a post-infectious condition following coronavirus disease-19 infection. Long-term follow-up data suggests that initial clinical severity does not necessarily correlate with long-term outcomes. The long-term immunological response in children with MIS-C remains poorly understood. We analyzed cytokine profiles at diagnosis and during follow-up, in pediatric patients with MIS-C, exploring correlations among cytokine expressions and standard biochemical and hormonal test results.\nTwenty-five MIS-C patients (mean 9.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.9) with complete test results at diagnosis and at 6- and 12-months follow-up were included in the study. Selected cytokines, such as IL-9, eotaxin, IP-10, MIP-1\u03b2, RANTES, MCP-1(MCAF), TNF-\u03b1, PDGF-B, IL-4, and MIP-1\u03b1, were included in the analysis.\nIP-10, MCP-1 (MCAF), and MIP-1\u03b1 levels normalized or nearly normalized at 6-12\u00a0months, the remaining cytokines, including IL-9, eotaxin, MIP-1\u03b2, RANTES, TNF-\u03b1, PDGF-B, IL-4, remained higher in MIS-C than in controls at our last follow-up time. At 6\u00a0months post-diagnosis, a mild negative correlation between triglycerides and HOMA-IR with MCP-1 (MCAF), IL-4, and Eotaxin was noted. At the 12-month follow-up we found a mild positive correlation of cortisol and ACTH levels with PDGF-B, MIP-1\u03b1, and TNF-\u03b1. Conversely, a negative correlation between these cytokines with fasting glucose and HOMA-IR was observed.\nOur study findings highlight a notable cytokine-mediated inflammatory response in pediatric patients with MIS-C, characterized by sustained elevated levels over a 12-month monitoring period compared to the control group. We have identified various interrelationships among different cytokines, as well as correlations between heightened cytokine levels and metabolic and hormonal patterns. The pronounced inflammatory response underscores its involvement in acute organ damage, while its persistence suggests potential implications for long-term metabolic disorders.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milano, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Valeria",
            "initials": "V",
            "lastname": "Calcaterra"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Universit\u00e0 di Milano, Milano, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Cristian",
            "initials": "C",
            "lastname": "Loretelli"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Center of Functional Genomics and Rare Diseases, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milano, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Davide",
            "initials": "D",
            "lastname": "Biganzoli"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Universit\u00e0 di Milano, Milano, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Ahmed",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Abdelsalam"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, \"Luigi Sacco\" University Hospital, University of Milano, Data Science Research Center, Milano, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Giuseppe",
            "initials": "G",
            "lastname": "Marano"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Center of Functional Genomics and Rare Diseases, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milano, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Stephana",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Carelli"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milano, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Laura",
            "initials": "L",
            "lastname": "Fiori"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milano, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Savina",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Mannarino"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milano, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Enza",
            "initials": "E",
            "lastname": "D'Auria"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milano, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Elvira",
            "initials": "E",
            "lastname": "Verduci"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milano, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Raffaella",
            "initials": "R",
            "lastname": "De Santis"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milano, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Dario",
            "initials": "D",
            "lastname": "Dilillo"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milano, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy. Electronic address: valentina.fabiano@unimi.it.",
            "firstname": "Valentina",
            "initials": "V",
            "lastname": "Fabiano"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milano, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Patrizia",
            "initials": "P",
            "lastname": "Carlucci"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Center of Functional Genomics and Rare Diseases, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milano, Italy; Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy; Department of Biology and Biotechnology \"L. Spallanzani\" (DBB), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Division of Endocrinology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milano, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Erika",
            "initials": "E",
            "lastname": "Maghraby"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Center of Functional Genomics and Rare Diseases, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milano, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Letizia",
            "initials": "L",
            "lastname": "Messa"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Center of Functional Genomics and Rare Diseases, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milano, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Cristina",
            "initials": "C",
            "lastname": "Cereda"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Universit\u00e0 di Milano, Milano, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Paolo",
            "initials": "P",
            "lastname": "Fiorina"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, \"Luigi Sacco\" University Hospital, University of Milano, Data Science Research Center, Milano, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Elia",
            "initials": "E",
            "lastname": "Biganzoli"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milano, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Gianvincenzo",
            "initials": "G",
            "lastname": "Zuccotti"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "Copyright \u00a9 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156744",
    "journal": "Cytokine",
    "keywords": [
        "COVID-19",
        "Children",
        "Complications",
        "Cytokines",
        "Long-term follow-up",
        "Multisystem inflammatory disease"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2024-08-31",
    "pubmed_id": "39205361",
    "results": "IP-10, MCP-1 (MCAF), and MIP-1\u03b1 levels normalized or nearly normalized at 6-12\u00a0months, the remaining cytokines, including IL-9, eotaxin, MIP-1\u03b2, RANTES, TNF-\u03b1, PDGF-B, IL-4, remained higher in MIS-C than in controls at our last follow-up time. At 6\u00a0months post-diagnosis, a mild negative correlation between triglycerides and HOMA-IR with MCP-1 (MCAF), IL-4, and Eotaxin was noted. At the 12-month follow-up we found a mild positive correlation of cortisol and ACTH levels with PDGF-B, MIP-1\u03b1, and TNF-\u03b1. Conversely, a negative correlation between these cytokines with fasting glucose and HOMA-IR was observed.",
    "title": "Long-term cytokine profile in multisystem inflammatory disease among children.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788501e43ec0>"
}