{
    "abstract": "Risk factors for maternal infection are clearly recognised, including caesarean section and operative vaginal birth. Antibiotic prophylaxis at caesarean section is widely recommended because there is clear systematic review evidence that it reduces incidence of maternal infection. Current WHO guidelines do not recommend routine antibiotic prophylaxis for women undergoing operative vaginal birth because of insufficient evidence of effectiveness. We aimed to investigate whether antibiotic prophylaxis prevented maternal infection after operative vaginal birth.\nIn a blinded, randomised controlled trial done at 27 UK obstetric units, women (aged \u226516 years) were allocated to receive a single dose of intravenous amoxicillin and clavulanic acid or placebo (saline) following operative vaginal birth at 36 weeks gestation or later. The primary outcome was confirmed or suspected maternal infection within 6 weeks of delivery defined by a new prescription of antibiotics for specific indications, confirmed systemic infection on culture, or endometritis. We did an intention-to-treat analysis. This trial is registered with ISRCTN, number 11166984, and is closed to accrual.\nBetween March 13, 2016, and June 13, 2018, 3427 women were randomly assigned to treatment: 1719 to amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, and 1708 to placebo. Seven women withdrew, leaving 1715 in the amoxicillin and clavulanic acid group and 1705 in the placebo groups. Primary outcome data were missing for 195 (6%) women. Significantly fewer women allocated to amoxicillin and clavulanic acid had a confirmed or suspected infection (180 [11%] of 1619) than women allocated to placebo (306 [19%] of 1606; risk ratio 0\u00b758, 95% CI 0\u00b749-0\u00b769; p<0\u00b70001). One woman in the placebo group reported a skin rash and two women in the amoxicillin and clavulanic acid reported other allergic reactions, one of which was reported as a serious adverse event. Two other serious adverse events were reported, neither was considered causally related to the treatment.\nThis trial shows benefit of a single dose of prophylactic antibiotic after operative vaginal birth and guidance from WHO and other national organisations should be changed to reflect this.\nNIHR Health Technology Assessment programme.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Electronic address: marian.knight@npeu.ox.ac.uk.",
            "firstname": "Marian",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Knight"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.",
            "firstname": "Virginia",
            "initials": "V",
            "lastname": "Chiocchia"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.",
            "firstname": "Christopher",
            "initials": "C",
            "lastname": "Partlett"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.",
            "firstname": "Oliver",
            "initials": "O",
            "lastname": "Rivero-Arias"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.",
            "firstname": "Xinyang",
            "initials": "X",
            "lastname": "Hua"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, UK.",
            "firstname": "Kim",
            "initials": "K",
            "lastname": "Hinshaw"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK.",
            "firstname": "Derek",
            "initials": "D",
            "lastname": "Tuffnell"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.",
            "firstname": "Louise",
            "initials": "L",
            "lastname": "Linsell"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.",
            "firstname": "Edmund",
            "initials": "E",
            "lastname": "Juszczak"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": null,
            "firstname": null,
            "initials": null,
            "lastname": null
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "Copyright \u00a9 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.",
    "doi": "10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30773-1\n10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2018.09.005Get\n10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2018.09.004",
    "journal": "Lancet (London, England)",
    "keywords": [],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2019-05-18",
    "pubmed_id": "31097213\n25103301\n25103301\n28919116\n28919116\n28697109\n28697109\n25003759\n25003759\n29382352\n29382352\n22251396\n22251396\n25350672\n25350672\n30992125\n30992125\n26598777\n26598777\n28779515\n28779515\n2669154\n2669154\n15307980\n15307980\n26849801\n26849801\n26488523\n26488523\n30398818\n30398818\n30041702\n30041702\n27387886\n27387886\n28833869\n28833869\n28236337\n28236337\n30392949\n30392949\n28188152\n28188152",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Prophylactic antibiotics in the prevention of infection after operative vaginal delivery (ANODE): a multicentre randomised controlled trial.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x7885038f98a0>"
}