{
    "abstract": "South Asians (SAs) may possess a unique predisposition to insulin resistance (IR). We explored this possibility by investigating the relationship between 'gold standard' measures of adiposity, fitness, selected proteomic biomarkers, and insulin sensitivity among a cohort of SAs and Europeans (EURs).\nA total of 46 SAs and 41 EURs completed 'conventional' (lifestyle questionnaires, standard physical exam) as well as 'gold standard' (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scan, cardiopulmonary exercise test, and insulin suppression test) assessments of adiposity, fitness, and insulin sensitivity. In a subset of 28 SAs and 36 EURs, we also measured the blood-levels of eleven IR-related proteins. We conducted Spearman correlation to identify correlates of steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) derived from the insulin suppression test, followed by multivariable linear regression analyses of SSPG, adjusting for age, sex and ancestral group.\nSixteen of 30 measures significantly associated with SSPG, including one conventional and eight gold standard measures of adiposity, one conventional and one gold standard measure of fitness, and five proteins. Multivariable regressions revealed that gold standard measures and plasma proteins attenuated ancestral group differences in IR, suggesting their potential utility in assessing IR, especially among SAs.\nAncestral group differences in IR may be explained by accurate measures of adiposity and fitness, with specific proteins possibly serving as useful surrogates for these measures, particularly for SAs.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.\nVeterans Affairs (VA) Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, United States.",
            "firstname": "Pik Fang",
            "initials": "PF",
            "lastname": "Kho"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.",
            "firstname": "Laurel",
            "initials": "L",
            "lastname": "Stell"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.\nDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California Davis Health, Davis, CA, United States.",
            "firstname": "Shirin",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Jimenez"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.\nVeterans Affairs (VA) Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, United States.\nInstitute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Daniela",
            "initials": "D",
            "lastname": "Zanetti"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.",
            "firstname": "Daniel J",
            "initials": "DJ",
            "lastname": "Panyard"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.",
            "firstname": "Kathleen L",
            "initials": "KL",
            "lastname": "Watson"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.\nDepartment of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, CA, United States.",
            "firstname": "Ashish",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Sarraju"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.\nVeterans Affairs (VA) Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, United States.",
            "firstname": "Ming-Li",
            "initials": "ML",
            "lastname": "Chen"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.",
            "firstname": "Lars",
            "initials": "L",
            "lastname": "Lind"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "School of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.",
            "firstname": "John R",
            "initials": "JR",
            "lastname": "Petrie"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Veterans Affairs (VA) Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, United States.",
            "firstname": "Khin N",
            "initials": "KN",
            "lastname": "Chan"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Veterans Affairs (VA) Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, United States.",
            "firstname": "Holly",
            "initials": "H",
            "lastname": "Fonda"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Veterans Affairs (VA) Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, United States.\nDepartment of Medicine, Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.",
            "firstname": "Kyla",
            "initials": "K",
            "lastname": "Kent"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.\nVeterans Affairs (VA) Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, United States.\nCardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.",
            "firstname": "Jonathan N",
            "initials": "JN",
            "lastname": "Myers"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.\nCardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.\nDepartment of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.",
            "firstname": "Latha",
            "initials": "L",
            "lastname": "Palaniappan"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.",
            "firstname": "Fahim",
            "initials": "F",
            "lastname": "Abbasi"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.\nVeterans Affairs (VA) Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, United States.\nCardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.\nDepartment of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.",
            "firstname": "Themistocles L",
            "initials": "TL",
            "lastname": "Assimes"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": "Ancestral group differences in IR may be explained by accurate measures of adiposity and fitness, with specific proteins possibly serving as useful surrogates for these measures, particularly for SAs.",
    "copyrights": "Copyright \u00a9 2025 Kho, Stell, Jimenez, Zanetti, Panyard, Watson, Sarraju, Chen, Lind, Petrie, Chan, Fonda, Kent, Myers, Palaniappan, Abbasi and Assimes.",
    "doi": "10.3389/fendo.2024.1492778\n10.4158/EP.9.S2.5\n10.1161/CIR.0000000000000580\n10.1007/s00125-020-05132-5\n10.1038/s41574-022-00669-4\n10.1152/ajpendo.00645.2007\n10.1111/j.1532-5415.1985.tb07116.x\n10.1016/0895-7061(95)00330-R\n10.3390/nu13082493\n10.2147/JMDH.S104807\n10.1161/CIR.0000000000000461\n10.1136/bmjsem-2016-000143\n10.2337/dc14-2813\n10.1007/s00125-023-05946-z\n10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.06.047\n10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB\n10.1016/S0735-1097(10)80144-5\n10.1007/BF00404344\n10.3390/healthcare11050720\n10.1111/nyas.v1495.1\n10.2337/diacare.23.2.171\n10.1161/01.ATV.14.6.917\n10.1210/jcem.86.11.7992\n10.1038/sj.ijo.0802307\n10.1371/journal.pone.0000812\n10.1007/s00125-013-2969-y\n10.1038/sj.ijo.0801353\n10.9778/cmajo.20130064\n10.1093/ije/dyl245\n10.1038/oby.2011.395\n10.1093/ajcn/86.2.353\n10.1111/dme.v40.12\n10.1038/ng.3714\n10.1016/j.ecl.2008.06.005\n10.1038/oby.2010.59\n10.1002/oby.22948\n10.1136/jech.2009.102509\n10.1186/s12889-018-6341-5\n10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001458\n10.1001/archinte.167.14.1518\n10.1101/cshperspect.a021881\n10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114604\n10.3390/ijms22031133\n10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100248\n10.1016/j.molmet.2018.10.008\n10.3390/nu13041302\n10.3390/nu12102983",
    "journal": "Frontiers in endocrinology",
    "keywords": [
        "DXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry)",
        "Europeans",
        "South Asians",
        "cardiorespiratory fitness",
        "insulin resistance",
        "max VO2",
        "physical activity",
        "plasma proteins analysis"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2025-02-04",
    "pubmed_id": "39902167\n12924350\n29794080\n32236731\n35508700\n17957034\n3886766\n8554729\n34444653\n27217764\n27881567\n28879026\n25784661\n37329449\n15629729\n12900694\n2016451\n7988789\n36900725\n33216378\n10868826\n8199182\n11701707\n12821962\n17726542\n23811809\n10951540\n25295238\n17510078\n22282045\n17684205\n37704218\n27841877\n18775353\n20339361\n32939982\n20525752\n30665392\n36484059\n17646606\n27328872\n35849941\n33498859\n33948578\n30392760\n33920973\n33003472",
    "results": "Sixteen of 30 measures significantly associated with SSPG, including one conventional and eight gold standard measures of adiposity, one conventional and one gold standard measure of fitness, and five proteins. Multivariable regressions revealed that gold standard measures and plasma proteins attenuated ancestral group differences in IR, suggesting their potential utility in assessing IR, especially among SAs.",
    "title": "Associations between accurate measures of adiposity and fitness, blood proteins, and insulin sensitivity among South Asians and Europeans.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x7885022767a0>"
}