{
    "abstract": "Understanding the quantum control landscape (QCL) is important for designing effective quantum control strategies. In this study, we analyze the QCL for a single two-level quantum system (qubit) using various control strategies. We employ Principal Component Analysis (PCA), to visualize and analyze the QCL for higher dimensional control parameters. Our results indicate that dimensionality reduction techniques such as PCA, can play an important role in understanding the complex nature of quantum control in higher dimensions. Evaluations of traditional control techniques and machine learning algorithms reveal that Genetic Algorithms (GA) outperform Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD), while Q-learning (QL) shows great promise compared to Deep Q-Networks (DQN) and Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO). Additionally, our experiments highlight the importance of reward function design in DQN and PPO demonstrating that using immediate reward results in improved performance rather than delayed rewards for systems with short time steps. A study of solution space complexity was conducted by using Cluster Density Index (CDI) as a key metric for analyzing the density of optimal solutions in the landscape. The CDI reflects cluster quality and helps determine whether a given algorithm generates regions of high fidelity or not. Our results provide insights into effective quantum control strategies, emphasizing the significance of parameter selection and algorithm optimization.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. haftu.fentaw@ucdconnect.ie.\nCentre for Quantum Engineering, Science, and Technology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. haftu.fentaw@ucdconnect.ie.",
            "firstname": "Haftu W",
            "initials": "HW",
            "lastname": "Fentaw"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "School of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.\nCentre for Quantum Engineering, Science, and Technology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.",
            "firstname": "Steve",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Campbell"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.\nCentre for Quantum Engineering, Science, and Technology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.",
            "firstname": "Simon",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Caton"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "\u00a9 2025. The Author(s).",
    "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-95161-0\n10.1137/s0097539795293172\n10.1038/nature23474\n10.1039/C4CP03853C\n10.23919/CSMS.2021.0014\n10.1080/01442350701633300\n10.1103/PhysRevA.84.012109\n10.1088/1751-8121/aad657\n10.1140/epjqt/s40507-022-00138-x\n10.1016/j.jmr.2004.11.004\n10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.190404\n10.1038/s41534-019-0201-8\n10.1088/1751-8121/aa6b77\n10.1103/PhysRevA.101.023410\n10.1088/1751-8121/aa86c6\n10.1103/physrevlett.111.260501\n10.1209/0295-5075/104/40005\n10.1103/PhysRevA.86.052117\n10.1016/0098-3004(93)90090-R\n10.1038/s42003-022-03628-x\n10.1088/2058-9565/acb2f2\n10.1007/s41745-019-0098-4\n10.1371/journal.pone.0303088\n10.1038/srep12685\n10.1038/s41534-019-0141-3\n10.1103/PhysRevX.12.011059\n10.1038/nature14236\n10.1016/j.cpc.2012.11.019\n10.1145/235815.235821\n10.1103/PhysRevResearch.4.043138",
    "journal": "Scientific reports",
    "keywords": [
        "Genetic Algorithms (GA)",
        "Principal Component Analysis (PCA)",
        "Quantum Control Landscape (QL)",
        "Reinforcement Learning (RL)",
        "Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD)"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2025-04-27",
    "pubmed_id": "40287462\n28905917\n25377547\n15649756\n25415889\n24483786\n35853932\n26239195\n25719670",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Exploring quantum control landscape and solution space complexity through optimization algorithms and dimensionality reduction.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788503905b20>"
}