{
    "abstract": "Interventions against adult Anopheles mosquitoes responsible for malaria transmission have traditionally been aimed at indoor spaces and biting behaviours. However, no globally recommended intervention exists which directly interrupt or target outdoor biting behaviours. A volatile pyrethroid spatial emanator (SE) containing transfluthrin aims to address this gap in protection via a simple-to-use, readily deployable device to provide multiple weeks of protection. The device was tested in open-walled households of the forest-dwelling Orang Rimba people in Sumatra, Indonesia, over the course of sixteen weekly entomological visits.\nDouble-net traps were used for all mosquito collections. Collections occurred near Bukit Duabelas National Park in central Sumatra, an area characterized by secondary forests undergoing widespread conversion to palm and rubber plantations. Four collections occurred per collection night within ten geographically separated small familial groups for a total of 40 trap-nights per week. Groups were assigned the SE or a control device after a seven-week baseline trapping period. Devices were replaced every four weeks. Results were compared using generalized linear models, incorporating treatment, weather, and landscape parameters as fixed effects, with date and location included as random effects.\nAnopheles mosquitoes were captured on 63.2% of all collection nights. Overall nightly Anopheles host-seeking activity was lower in the presence of SE devices (RR: 0.29 [0.19-0.45], p\u2009<\u20090.001). Non-Anopheles mosquitoes experienced a smaller nightly decline in behaviour (RR: 0.78 [0.64-0.93], p\u2009=\u20090.007). The age of the device (1\u00a0month) did not impact modeled efficacy. Anopheles host-seeking activity was also positively correlated with humidity, topographic wetness, and local human structure density.\nThe SE device evaluated in this field trial was effective in reducing outdoor human exposure to Anopheles and non-Anopheles mosquito host-seeking activity. The effect was not found to depend upon the age of the device, suggesting that the protection was persistent over the 4-week replacement period during this study. There was an association between hour of collection and intervention efficacy, suggesting the possibility of species-specific effects which were not further investigated. The SE device is a promising, low-cost, easily deployable, and distributable intervention that reduces exposure to mosquitoes with consequent impacts on transmission in outdoor environments.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA. tim.burton@colostate.edu.",
            "firstname": "Timothy A",
            "initials": "TA",
            "lastname": "Burton"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia.\nDoctoral Program in Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia.",
            "firstname": "Lepa",
            "initials": "L",
            "lastname": "Syahrani"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia.\nDoctoral Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.",
            "firstname": "Dendi Hadi",
            "initials": "DH",
            "lastname": "Permana"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia.\nDoctoral Program in Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia.",
            "firstname": "Ismail Ekoprayitno",
            "initials": "IE",
            "lastname": "Rozi"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia.\nMaster Program in Department of Biochemistry, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia.",
            "firstname": "Rifqi",
            "initials": "R",
            "lastname": "Risandi"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia.",
            "firstname": "Siti",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Zubaidah"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Jambi Provincial Health Department, Jambi, Indonesia.",
            "firstname": "Syarifah",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Zulfah"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Jambi Provincial Health Department, Jambi, Indonesia.",
            "firstname": "Ma'as M",
            "initials": "MM",
            "lastname": "Maloha"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Indonesian Conservation Community Warsi, Jambi, Indonesia.",
            "firstname": "Rusli",
            "initials": "R",
            "lastname": "Efendi"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Indonesian Conservation Community Warsi, Jambi, Indonesia.",
            "firstname": "Maria",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Kristiana"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia.",
            "firstname": "Puji B S",
            "initials": "PBS",
            "lastname": "Asih"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia.\nHasanuddin University Medical Research Center, Makassar, Indonesia.",
            "firstname": "Din",
            "initials": "D",
            "lastname": "Syafruddin"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.",
            "firstname": "Neil F",
            "initials": "NF",
            "lastname": "Lobo"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "\u00a9 2025. The Author(s).",
    "doi": "10.1186/s12936-025-05284-y",
    "journal": "Malaria journal",
    "keywords": [],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2025-04-11",
    "pubmed_id": "40211345\n26375008\n21198713\n27577697\n29310656\n32727610\n33358735\n25141761\n26109384\n27931990\n25150840\n24470562\n25115830\n31881898\n28007921\n26969430\n29703663\n23876873\n36374859\n33110498\n35361218\n37167335\n32156280\n35284893\n34461911\n22433128\n28388682\n26104719\n26063216\n28427437\n30333015\n31533739\n31906969\n32431275\n35659231\n38039890\n39069597\n24885993\n37400831\n40197482\n35933389\n34374642\n27222102\n37550692\n35737833",
    "results": "Anopheles mosquitoes were captured on 63.2% of all collection nights. Overall nightly Anopheles host-seeking activity was lower in the presence of SE devices (RR: 0.29 [0.19-0.45], p\u2009<\u20090.001). Non-Anopheles mosquitoes experienced a smaller nightly decline in behaviour (RR: 0.78 [0.64-0.93], p\u2009=\u20090.007). The age of the device (1\u00a0month) did not impact modeled efficacy. Anopheles host-seeking activity was also positively correlated with humidity, topographic wetness, and local human structure density.",
    "title": "Longitudinal field evaluation of outdoor Anopheles and non-Anopheles host-seeking in response to a volatile pyrethroid spatial emanator (SE) product among forest-dwelling indigenous residents of Sumatra, Indonesia.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x7885067b9d50>"
}