{
    "abstract": "Human islet transplantation is a promising therapy to restore normoglycemia for type 1 diabetes (T1D). Despite recent advances, human islet transplantation remains suboptimal due to significant islet graft loss after transplantation. Various immunological and nonimmunological factors contribute to this loss therefore signifying a need for strategies and approaches for visualizing and monitoring transplanted human islet grafts. One such imaging approach is magnetic particle imaging (MPI), an emerging imaging modality that detects the magnetization of iron oxide nanoparticles. MPI is known for its specificity due to its high image contrast and sensitivity. MPI through its noninvasive nature provides the means for monitoring transplanted human islets in real time. Here we summarize an approach to track transplanted human islets using MPI. We label human islet from donors with dextran-coated ferucarbotran iron oxide nanoparticles, transplant the labeled human islet into under the left kidney capsule, and image graft cells using an MPI scanner. We engineer a K-means++, clustering-based unsupervised machine learning algorithm for standardized image segmentation and iron quantification of the MPI, which solves problems with selection bias and indiscriminate signal boundary that accompanies this newer imaging modality. In this chapter, we summarize the methods of this emerging imaging modality of MPI in conjunction with unsupervised machine learning to monitor and visualize islets after transplantation.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.\nDepartment of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.",
            "firstname": "Aixia",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Sun"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.\nCollege of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.",
            "firstname": "Hasaan",
            "initials": "H",
            "lastname": "Hayat"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.",
            "firstname": "Simon W",
            "initials": "SW",
            "lastname": "Sanchez"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.\nDepartment of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.",
            "firstname": "Anna",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Moore"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. wangpin4@msu.edu.\nDepartment of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. wangpin4@msu.edu.",
            "firstname": "Ping",
            "initials": "P",
            "lastname": "Wang"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "\u00a9 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.",
    "doi": "10.1007/978-1-0716-2807-2_13\n10.1101/cshperspect.a007708\n10.1586/eci.09.67\n10.1615/critrevimmunol.2013006782\n10.1124/pr.58.2.6\n10.1016/j.immuni.2010.04.002\n10.1097/TP.0000000000000288\n10.1002/jmri.26875\n10.21037/qims.2018.02.06\n10.1002/adma.201200221\n10.1109/TMI.2013.2260764\n10.1007/s11307-020-01533-5\n10.3791/404\n10.1148/radiol.12121129\n10.1097/TP.0000000000000682",
    "journal": "Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)",
    "keywords": [
        "Iron oxide nanoparticle",
        "Islet transplantation",
        "Machine learning",
        "Magnetic particle imaging",
        "Type 1 diabetes"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2022-12-13",
    "pubmed_id": "36507994\n22675665\n20383895\n24099301\n16714486\n20412759\n25029387\n31332868\n29675353\n22988557\n23649181\n32833112\n18989445\n23264346\n25806407",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Magnetic Particle Imaging of Transplanted Human Islets Using a Machine Learning Algorithm.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788503f5b100>"
}