{
    "abstract": "Human pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids hold promise for future applications in regenerative medicine. However, significant biological hurdles need to be overcome to enable their use as a transplantable stem cell-derived therapeutic graft. Current kidney organoid protocols do not recapitulate a complete integrated developing kidney, but embryonic kidney transplantations have provided clues for advancing maturation and functionality of kidney organoids. Transplantation, subsequent vascularization, and blood perfusion of kidney organoids improve nephron patterning and maturation, suggesting a role for angiocrine factors as well as metabolic wiring in these processes. Transplanted organoids exhibit filtration, but the resulting filtrate has no apparent exit path for excretion. Improved in\u00a0vitro patterning of kidney organoids may be required such that a more structurally correct tissue is formed before transplant. Here we review current progress with transplantation of kidney organoids, as well as their engraftment and integration, and identify the key obstacles to therapeutic success and how these might be achieved.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Internal Medicine-Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. Electronic address: C.W.van_den_Berg@lumc.nl.",
            "firstname": "Cathelijne W",
            "initials": "CW",
            "lastname": "van den Berg"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Internal Medicine-Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.",
            "firstname": "S\u00e9bastien J",
            "initials": "SJ",
            "lastname": "Dumas"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.",
            "firstname": "Melissa H",
            "initials": "MH",
            "lastname": "Little"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Internal Medicine-Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.",
            "firstname": "Ton J",
            "initials": "TJ",
            "lastname": "Rabelink"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "Copyright \u00a9 2024 International Society of Nephrology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.kint.2024.10.028",
    "journal": "Kidney international",
    "keywords": [
        "integration and connection",
        "kidney organoids",
        "maturation",
        "pluripotent stem cells",
        "transplantation"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2024-11-22",
    "pubmed_id": "39571903",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Challenges in maturation and integration of kidney organoids for stem cell-based renal replacement therapy.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788504291080>"
}