{
    "abstract": "The relation between C-Reactive Protein (CRP), depression and antidepressant consumption has been well explored in major depressive disorders but not in schizophrenia, which has a high rate of depression comorbidity. The objectives of this study were: (i) to determine the prevalence of abnormal CRP levels, depression and antidepressant consumption in a multicenter community-dwelling sample of subjects with schizophrenia (ii) to determine the association between abnormal CRP levels, depression and antidepressant consumption in schizophrenia.\n219 stable patients with schizophrenia (mean age=31.6 years, 75.3% male gender) were systematically included in the multicentre network of FondaMental Expert Center for schizophrenia (FACE-SZ) and assessed with a dedicated electronic medical record including the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders and Calgary Depression Scale for depression. High sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) was measured with an assay using nephelometry (Dade Behring). Abnormal CRP level was defined by levels >3mg/L. Current medication was recorded.\nOverall, 63 subjects (28.8%) were found to have abnormal CRP levels, 43 (20.1%) received a diagnosis of comorbid current depression, and 51 (31.9%) had ongoing antidepressant treatment. In univariate analysis, abnormal CRP levels were found to be significantly associated with body mass index (BMI) (p<0.0001), hypertriglyceridemia (p=0.0015), high waist circumference (p<0.0001), metabolic syndrome (p=0.0011), abdominal obesity (p<0.0001) and with antidepressant consumption (p=0.01), while depression, psychotic symptomatology, age of onset, illness duration, sociodemographic characteristics, current tobacco or cannabis status, hypertension or high fasting glucose were not (all p>0.05). In a multivariate model, abnormal CRP was associated with antidepressant consumption independently of other confounding variables (adjusted Odds Ratio=2.8, 95% confidence interval 1.22-6.62). Metabolic syndrome was also independently associated with abnormal CRP (adjusted Odds Ratio=2.6, 95% confidence interval 1.01-6.71).\nAbnormal CRP levels in schizophrenia were found to be associated with antidepressant consumption, but not with depression. The potential mechanisms were discussed. Antidepressant consumption should be systematically recorded in future studies exploring inflammation in schizophrenia. Future clinical trials of interventions directed at lowering the level of\u00a0CRP\u00a0and other inflammatory markers are discussed.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Fondation FondaMental, Cr\u00e9teil, France; INSERM U955, Translational Psychiatry team, Cr\u00e9teil, France, Paris Est University, DHU Pe-PSY, P\u00f4le de Psychiatrie des H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires H Mondor, Cr\u00e9teil, France.",
            "firstname": "G",
            "initials": "G",
            "lastname": "Fond"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Fondation FondaMental, Cr\u00e9teil, France; Sorbonne Universit\u00e9s, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epid\u00e9miologie et de Sant\u00e9 Publique, INSERM, F-75013, Paris, France.",
            "firstname": "O",
            "initials": "O",
            "lastname": "Godin"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Fondation FondaMental, Cr\u00e9teil, France; INSERM U955, Translational Psychiatry team, Cr\u00e9teil, France, Paris Est University, DHU Pe-PSY, P\u00f4le de Psychiatrie des H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires H Mondor, Cr\u00e9teil, France.",
            "firstname": "L",
            "initials": "L",
            "lastname": "Brunel"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Fondation FondaMental, Cr\u00e9teil, France; Centre Hospitalier Charles Perrens, Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France; Inserm, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticit\u00e9 Neuronale, U862, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.",
            "firstname": "B",
            "initials": "B",
            "lastname": "Aouizerate"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Fondation FondaMental, Cr\u00e9teil, France; H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, INSERM U1114, F\u00e9d\u00e9ration de M\u00e9decine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.",
            "firstname": "F",
            "initials": "F",
            "lastname": "Berna"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Fondation FondaMental, Cr\u00e9teil, France; INSERM U955, Translational Psychiatry team, Cr\u00e9teil, France, Paris Est University, DHU Pe-PSY, P\u00f4le de Psychiatrie des H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires H Mondor, Cr\u00e9teil, France.",
            "firstname": "E",
            "initials": "E",
            "lastname": "Bulzacka"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Fondation FondaMental, Cr\u00e9teil, France; Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie Adulte, H\u00f4pital la Colombi\u00e8re, CHRU Montpellier, Universit\u00e9 Montpellier 1, Inserm 1061, Montpellier, France.",
            "firstname": "D",
            "initials": "D",
            "lastname": "Capdevielle"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Fondation FondaMental, Cr\u00e9teil, France; CMP B, CHU, EA 7280 Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 d'Auvergne, BP 69 63003 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1, France.",
            "firstname": "I",
            "initials": "I",
            "lastname": "Chereau"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Fondation FondaMental, Cr\u00e9teil, France; Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1/Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier Pole Est BP 300 39 - 95 bd Pinel - 69678 BRON Cedex, France.",
            "firstname": "J M",
            "initials": "JM",
            "lastname": "Dorey"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Fondation FondaMental, Cr\u00e9teil, France; AP-HP, Department of Psychiatry, Louis Mourier Hospital, Colombes, Inserm U894, Universit\u00e9 Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, Facult\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine, France.",
            "firstname": "C",
            "initials": "C",
            "lastname": "Dubertret"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Fondation FondaMental, Cr\u00e9teil, France; Centre R\u00e9f\u00e9rent de R\u00e9habilitation Psychosociale, CH Alpes Is\u00e8re, Grenoble, France.",
            "firstname": "J",
            "initials": "J",
            "lastname": "Dubreucq"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Fondation FondaMental, Cr\u00e9teil, France; Assistance Publique des H\u00f4pitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), p\u00f4le universitaire de psychiatrie, Marseille, France.",
            "firstname": "C",
            "initials": "C",
            "lastname": "Faget"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Fondation FondaMental, Cr\u00e9teil, France; Centre R\u00e9f\u00e9rent de R\u00e9habilitation Psychosociale, CH Alpes Is\u00e8re, Grenoble, France.",
            "firstname": "F",
            "initials": "F",
            "lastname": "Gabayet"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Fondation FondaMental, Cr\u00e9teil, France; AP-HP, Department of Psychiatry, Louis Mourier Hospital, Colombes, Inserm U894, Universit\u00e9 Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, Facult\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine, France.",
            "firstname": "Y",
            "initials": "Y",
            "lastname": "Le Strat"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Bordeaux Sleep Clinique, Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux University, USR CNRS 3413 SANPSY, Research Unit, 33000 Bordeaux, France.",
            "firstname": "J A",
            "initials": "JA",
            "lastname": "Micoulaud-Franchi"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Fondation FondaMental, Cr\u00e9teil, France; Centre Hospitalier Charles Perrens, Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France; CNRS UMR 5287-INCIA, France.",
            "firstname": "D",
            "initials": "D",
            "lastname": "Misdrahi"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Fondation FondaMental, Cr\u00e9teil, France; Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1/Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier Pole Est BP 300 39 - 95 bd Pinel - 69678 BRON Cedex, France.",
            "firstname": "R",
            "initials": "R",
            "lastname": "Rey"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Fondation FondaMental, Cr\u00e9teil, France; Assistance Publique des H\u00f4pitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), p\u00f4le universitaire de psychiatrie, Marseille, France.",
            "firstname": "R",
            "initials": "R",
            "lastname": "Richieri"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Fondation FondaMental, Cr\u00e9teil, France; Service de psychiatrie d'adulte, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, UFR des Sciences de la Sant\u00e9 Simone Veil, Universit\u00e9 Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Versailles, France.",
            "firstname": "C",
            "initials": "C",
            "lastname": "Passerieux"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Fondation FondaMental, Cr\u00e9teil, France; Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie Adulte, H\u00f4pital la Colombi\u00e8re, CHRU Montpellier, Universit\u00e9 Montpellier 1, Inserm 1061, Montpellier, France.",
            "firstname": "A",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Schandrin"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Fondation FondaMental, Cr\u00e9teil, France; INSERM U955, Translational Psychiatry team, Cr\u00e9teil, France, Paris Est University, DHU Pe-PSY, P\u00f4le de Psychiatrie des H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires H Mondor, Cr\u00e9teil, France.",
            "firstname": "F",
            "initials": "F",
            "lastname": "Sch\u00fcrhoff"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Fondation FondaMental, Cr\u00e9teil, France; CMP B, CHU, EA 7280 Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 d'Auvergne, BP 69 63003 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1, France.",
            "firstname": "A M",
            "initials": "AM",
            "lastname": "Tronche"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Fondation FondaMental, Cr\u00e9teil, France; Service de psychiatrie d'adulte, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, UFR des Sciences de la Sant\u00e9 Simone Veil, Universit\u00e9 Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Versailles, France.",
            "firstname": "M",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Urbach"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, INSERM U1114, F\u00e9d\u00e9ration de M\u00e9decine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.",
            "firstname": "P",
            "initials": "P",
            "lastname": "Vidalhet"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Fondation FondaMental, Cr\u00e9teil, France; CMP B, CHU, EA 7280 Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 d'Auvergne, BP 69 63003 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1, France.",
            "firstname": "P M",
            "initials": "PM",
            "lastname": "Llorca"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Fondation FondaMental, Cr\u00e9teil, France; INSERM U955, Translational Psychiatry team, Cr\u00e9teil, France, Paris Est University, DHU Pe-PSY, P\u00f4le de Psychiatrie des H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires H Mondor, Cr\u00e9teil, France.",
            "firstname": "M",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Leboyer"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": null,
            "firstname": null,
            "initials": null,
            "lastname": null
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": "Abnormal CRP levels in schizophrenia were found to be associated with antidepressant consumption, but not with depression. The potential mechanisms were discussed. Antidepressant consumption should be systematically recorded in future studies exploring inflammation in schizophrenia. Future clinical trials of interventions directed at lowering the level of\u00a0CRP\u00a0and other inflammatory markers are discussed.",
    "copyrights": "Copyright \u00a9 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2015.11.017",
    "journal": "Journal of affective disorders",
    "keywords": [
        "Abdominal obesity",
        "Antidepressant",
        "C-reactive protein (CRP)",
        "Depression",
        "Metabolic syndrome",
        "Schizophrenia"
    ],
    "methods": "219 stable patients with schizophrenia (mean age=31.6 years, 75.3% male gender) were systematically included in the multicentre network of FondaMental Expert Center for schizophrenia (FACE-SZ) and assessed with a dedicated electronic medical record including the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders and Calgary Depression Scale for depression. High sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) was measured with an assay using nephelometry (Dade Behring). Abnormal CRP level was defined by levels >3mg/L. Current medication was recorded.",
    "publication_date": "2015-12-18",
    "pubmed_id": "26674214",
    "results": "Overall, 63 subjects (28.8%) were found to have abnormal CRP levels, 43 (20.1%) received a diagnosis of comorbid current depression, and 51 (31.9%) had ongoing antidepressant treatment. In univariate analysis, abnormal CRP levels were found to be significantly associated with body mass index (BMI) (p<0.0001), hypertriglyceridemia (p=0.0015), high waist circumference (p<0.0001), metabolic syndrome (p=0.0011), abdominal obesity (p<0.0001) and with antidepressant consumption (p=0.01), while depression, psychotic symptomatology, age of onset, illness duration, sociodemographic characteristics, current tobacco or cannabis status, hypertension or high fasting glucose were not (all p>0.05). In a multivariate model, abnormal CRP was associated with antidepressant consumption independently of other confounding variables (adjusted Odds Ratio=2.8, 95% confidence interval 1.22-6.62). Metabolic syndrome was also independently associated with abnormal CRP (adjusted Odds Ratio=2.6, 95% confidence interval 1.01-6.71).",
    "title": "Peripheral sub-inflammation is associated with antidepressant consumption in schizophrenia. Results from the multi-center FACE-SZ data set.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788505466480>"
}