{
    "abstract": "The biodegradable microneedle patch (MNP) is a novel technology for vaccine delivery that could improve the immunogenicity of vaccines. To broaden the protective efficiency of conventional influenza vaccines, a new 4M2e-tFliC fusion protein construct containing M2e sequences from different subtypes was generated. Purified fusion protein was encapsulate into MNPs with a biocompatible polymer for use as a boosting vaccine. The results demonstrated that mice receiving a conventional inactivated vaccine followed by a skin-applied dissolving 4M2e-tFliC MNP boost could better maintain the humoral antibody response than that by the conventional vaccine-prime alone. Compared with an intramuscular injection boost, mice receiving the MNP boost showed significantly enhanced cellular immune responses, hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) titers, and neutralization titers. Increased frequency of antigen-specific plasma cells and long-lived bone marrow plasma cells was detected in the MNP boosted group as well, indicating that skin vaccination with 4M2e-tFliC facilitated a long-term antibody-mediated immunity. The 4M2e-tFliC MNP-boosted group also possessed enhanced protection against high lethal dose challenges against homologous A/PR/8/34 and A/Aichi/2/68 viruses and protection for a majority of immunized mice against a heterologous A/California/07/2009 H1N1 virus. High levels of M2e specific immune responses were observed in the 4M2e-tFliC MNP-boosted group as well. These results demonstrate that a skin-applied 4M2e-tFliC MNP boosting immunization to seasonal vaccine recipients may be a rapid approach for increasing the protective efficacy of seasonal vaccines in response to a significant drift seen in circulating viruses. The results also provide a new perspective for future exploration of universal influenza vaccines.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.",
            "firstname": "Wandi",
            "initials": "W",
            "lastname": "Zhu"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.",
            "firstname": "Winston",
            "initials": "W",
            "lastname": "Pewin"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.",
            "firstname": "Chao",
            "initials": "C",
            "lastname": "Wang"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.",
            "firstname": "Yuan",
            "initials": "Y",
            "lastname": "Luo"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.",
            "firstname": "Gilbert X",
            "initials": "GX",
            "lastname": "Gonzalez"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.",
            "firstname": "Teena",
            "initials": "T",
            "lastname": "Mohan"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.",
            "firstname": "Mark R",
            "initials": "MR",
            "lastname": "Prausnitz"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA. Electronic address: bwang23@gsu.edu.",
            "firstname": "Bao-Zhong",
            "initials": "BZ",
            "lastname": "Wang"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "Copyright \u00a9 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.06.017",
    "journal": "Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society",
    "keywords": [
        "Biodegradable microneedle patch",
        "Conventional influenza vaccine",
        "M2e vaccine",
        "Skin boosting vaccination"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2017-06-24",
    "pubmed_id": "28642154\n25842218\n17189032\n25590680\n26557117\n24048119\n20639891\n25744228\n20238152\n18716497\n15777646\n17150104\n2455818\n24417966\n24590045\n24951867\n25799221\n23247101\n18063235\n25321410\n19654062\n21685355\n21218133\n14764670\n26883724\n18656702\n24623315\n19230160\n11779385\n20026597\n21640233\n23612075\n24931229\n24854591\n19256306\n21169548\n19500964\n27648538\n21314428\n21739679\n22396479\n21624416\n21203437",
    "results": null,
    "title": "A boosting skin vaccination with dissolving microneedle patch encapsulating M2e vaccine broadens the protective efficacy of conventional influenza vaccines.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788506014310>"
}