{
    "abstract": "Porcine monocyte-derived macrophages (moM\u03a6) have been employed as a model cell in numerous studies of the porcine immune system. However, the lack of a standardized method for moM\u03a6 differentiation hampers the comparison of results coming from the use of different laboratory protocols. In this study we compared the use of varying concentrations of autologous plasma (10, 20 and 30% v/v) or recombinant human macrophage-colony stimulating factor (hM-CSF; 50, 100, and 200ng/ml) to differentiate porcine monocytes into macrophages. Changes in cell morphology and surface marker expression were assessed by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Macrophage differentiation was evaluated by analysing TNF-\u03b1 response to LPS stimulation and determining cytokine secretion patterns under both basal conditions and after classical and alternative activation. The effects of the differentiation methods on metabolic activity and susceptibility to infection with the myelotropic African swine fever virus (ASFV) were also evaluated. Monocytes cultured using the different culture conditions tested augmented in dimension and cellular complexity, but increasing porcine plasma concentrations resulted in a dose dependent enhancement in granularity and a marked pleomorphism. As expected, CD163, MHC class II DR and CD203a expression were up-regulated in both hM-CSF (M-CSF-moM\u03a6) and autologous plasma cultured macrophages (AP-moM\u03a6), although a lower percentage of CD163",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, 07100, Italy; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, 07100, Italy. Electronic address: gfranzoni@uniss.it.",
            "firstname": "Giulia",
            "initials": "G",
            "lastname": "Franzoni"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, 07100, Italy. Electronic address: piero.bonelli@izs-sardegna.it.",
            "firstname": "Piero",
            "initials": "P",
            "lastname": "Bonelli"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom; School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7AL, United Kingdom.",
            "firstname": "Simon Paul",
            "initials": "SP",
            "lastname": "Graham"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, 07100, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Antonio Giovanni",
            "initials": "AG",
            "lastname": "Anfossi"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, 07100, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Silvia",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Dei Giudici"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, 07100, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Giovannantonio",
            "initials": "G",
            "lastname": "Pilo"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, 07100, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Marco",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Pittau"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, 07100, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Paola",
            "initials": "P",
            "lastname": "Nicolussi"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, 07100, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Annalisa",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Oggiano"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "Copyright \u00a9 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.04.006",
    "journal": "Veterinary immunology and immunopathology",
    "keywords": [
        "African swine fever virus",
        "Cytokine",
        "Differentiation",
        "Monocyte-derived macrophages",
        "Phenotype and function",
        "Pig"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2017-05-13",
    "pubmed_id": "28494933",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Comparative phenotypic and functional analyses of the effects of autologous plasma and recombinant human macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) on porcine monocyte to macrophage differentiation.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788506133380>"
}