{
    "abstract": "The superior tarsal muscle, also known as the M\u00fcller muscle, is an accessory smooth muscle that allows for the retraction and elevation of the upper eyelid.\u00a0This muscle receives sympathetic innervation from fibers originating from the sympathetic cervical ganglion, and vascular supply from the superior branches of the ophthalmic artery. The superior tarsal muscle is often affected in thyroid eye disease-associated ophthalmopathy as the disease-mediated inflammation and fibrosis occurring within the muscle cause further upper lid retraction.\u00a0Injury to the innervation of the superior tarsal muscle, as seen in Horner Syndrome, results in ptosis.\u00a0 The superior tarsal muscle is routinely encountered in oculoplastic surgery, including ptosis-correcting procedures. Different approaches can be used to correct ptosis, but the M\u00fcller muscle-conjunctival resection involves removing a portion of the superior tarsal muscle to remedy the\u00a0ptosis (see ",
    "authors": [
        {
            "collective": null,
            "firstname": "Tushar",
            "initials": "T",
            "lastname": "Dave"
        },
        {
            "collective": null,
            "firstname": "Saama",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Sabeti"
        },
        {
            "collective": null,
            "firstname": "Bhupendra C.",
            "initials": "BC",
            "lastname": "Patel"
        }
    ],
    "copyrights": "Copyright \u00a9 2025, StatPearls Publishing LLC.",
    "doi": null,
    "isbn": null,
    "language": "eng",
    "publication_date": "2025",
    "publication_type": "Study Guide",
    "publisher": "StatPearls Publishing",
    "publisher_location": "Treasure Island (FL)",
    "pubmed_id": "0\n35399960\n20584021\n3737107\n3994278\n9529201\n27124372\n18170772\n27495084\n19373523\n36692699\n21346664\n29260849\n31082008",
    "sections": [
        {
            "chapter": null,
            "title": "Introduction"
        },
        {
            "chapter": null,
            "title": "Structure and Function"
        },
        {
            "chapter": null,
            "title": "Embryology"
        },
        {
            "chapter": null,
            "title": "Blood Supply and Lymphatics"
        },
        {
            "chapter": null,
            "title": "Nerves"
        },
        {
            "chapter": null,
            "title": "Muscles"
        },
        {
            "chapter": null,
            "title": "Physiologic Variants"
        },
        {
            "chapter": null,
            "title": "Surgical Considerations"
        },
        {
            "chapter": null,
            "title": "Clinical Significance"
        },
        {
            "chapter": null,
            "title": "Review Questions"
        },
        {
            "chapter": null,
            "title": "References"
        }
    ],
    "title": "StatPearls"
}