{
    "abstract": "Existing epidemiological evidence is controversial regarding the possible associations between coffee consumption and risk of prostate cancer (PCa) by aggressiveness of the disease.\nWe conducted a random-effects dose-response meta-analysis to assess the relationships between coffee consumption and nonaggressive, aggressive and fatal PCa risk. Studies were identified by a search of Medline and Embase databases to 15 July 2013. We carried out separate analyses by grade (Gleason score: low-grade, high-grade) and stage (TNM staging system: localized, advanced) of the tumors. Nonaggressive tumors were defined as low-grade or localized, while aggressive tumors were defined as high-grade or advanced.\nEight studies (three case-control and five cohort) were included in this meta-analysis. Gleason 7 tumors were classified as high-grade in one study, while in another study, Gleason 7(4 + 3) tumors were classified as high-grade and Gleason 7(3 + 4) as low-grade. In the remaining four studies, Gleason 7 tumors were excluded from the analyses or analyzed separately. The pooled relative risk (RR) for a consumption increment of 3 cups/day was 0.97 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.92-1.03] for low-grade PCa (n = 6), 0.97 (95% CI 0.94-0.99) for localized PCa (n = 6), 0.89 (95% CI 0.78-1.00) for high-grade PCa (n = 6), 0.95 (95% CI 0.85-1.06) for advanced PCa (n = 6) and 0.89 (95% CI 0.82-0.97) for fatal PCa (n = 4). No evidence of publication bias was observed. Heterogeneity was absent or marginal (I(2) range = 0-26%), with the only exception of the analysis on advanced PCa, where moderate heterogeneity was observed (I(2) = 60%). When restricting the analyses only to those studies that defined high-grade tumors as Gleason 8-10, the inverse association became slightly stronger [RR: 0.84 (95% CI 0.72-0.98); n = 4].\nResults from this dose-response meta-analysis suggest that coffee consumption may be inversely associated with the risk of fatal PCa. No clear evidence of an association with PCa incidence was observed.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Units of Nutritional Epidemiology; Unit of Biostatistics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: andrea.discacciati@ki.se.",
            "firstname": "A",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Discacciati"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Units of Nutritional Epidemiology; Unit of Biostatistics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.",
            "firstname": "N",
            "initials": "N",
            "lastname": "Orsini"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Units of Nutritional Epidemiology.",
            "firstname": "A",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Wolk"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": null,
    "doi": "10.1093/annonc/mdt420\n10.3322/caac.20107\n10.1007/s00394-010-0136-5\n10.3945/ajcn.2009.28548\n10.1186/1475-2891-10-93\n10.2337/dc07-1952\n10.2174/1876823701002020043\n10.1038/pcan.2011.53\n10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.01.006\n10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.03.008\n10.1530/eje.0.1490145\n10.1016/j.cca.2007.08.001\n10.1016/j.coph.2009.06.002\n10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-12-0481-T\n10.7326/0003-4819-149-7-200810070-00006\n10.1093/jnci/djm323\n10.1016/S0959-8049(09)70050-4\n10.1093/annonc/mdt105\n10.1186/1475-2891-11-42\n10.1093/jnci/djr151\n10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09493.x\n10.1186/1471-2407-11-96\n10.1007/s10552-007-9066-9\n10.2105/AJPH.2008.150508\n10.1038/bjc.2012.520\n10.1093/aje/kwr265\n10.1002/sim.1186\n10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629\n10.1093/jnci/djs383\n10.1007/s10552-013-0170-8\n10.1038/bjc.2013.238\n10.1200/JCO.2008.20.4669\n10.1093/annonc/mdr603\n10.1016/j.diabres.2012.12.003\n10.3945/ajcn.2009.28449C\n10.1016/j.ejca.2005.09.003\n10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70235-3\n10.1093/jnci/93.10.783\n10.1002/pros.10026\n10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008975\n10.1002/cncr.24328\n10.1080/01635589809514635\n10.1016/j.bcp.2011.12.027",
    "journal": "Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology",
    "keywords": [
        "coffee",
        "dose\u2013response meta-analysis",
        "epidemiology",
        "prostate cancer"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2013-11-28",
    "pubmed_id": "24276028\n21296855\n20953616\n20181814\n21914162\n18070989\n22249290\n23561629\n22998880\n12887292\n17825805\n19574101\n22761305\n18838726\n18230794\n19775632\n23681472\n23508823\n22695052\n21586702\n23702886\n20590551\n21406107\n17906959\n19608952\n23169298\n1626547\n22135359\n12111919\n9310563\n22962694\n23412806\n23674088\n19433685\n22228452\n23298664\n2208150\n6831464\n19906806\n23213569\n16243513\n18835745\n11353789\n11757030\n8823059\n19384973\n1845789\n9507508\n22248733",
    "results": "Eight studies (three case-control and five cohort) were included in this meta-analysis. Gleason 7 tumors were classified as high-grade in one study, while in another study, Gleason 7(4 + 3) tumors were classified as high-grade and Gleason 7(3 + 4) as low-grade. In the remaining four studies, Gleason 7 tumors were excluded from the analyses or analyzed separately. The pooled relative risk (RR) for a consumption increment of 3 cups/day was 0.97 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.92-1.03] for low-grade PCa (n = 6), 0.97 (95% CI 0.94-0.99) for localized PCa (n = 6), 0.89 (95% CI 0.78-1.00) for high-grade PCa (n = 6), 0.95 (95% CI 0.85-1.06) for advanced PCa (n = 6) and 0.89 (95% CI 0.82-0.97) for fatal PCa (n = 4). No evidence of publication bias was observed. Heterogeneity was absent or marginal (I(2) range = 0-26%), with the only exception of the analysis on advanced PCa, where moderate heterogeneity was observed (I(2) = 60%). When restricting the analyses only to those studies that defined high-grade tumors as Gleason 8-10, the inverse association became slightly stronger [RR: 0.84 (95% CI 0.72-0.98); n = 4].",
    "title": "Coffee consumption and risk of nonaggressive, aggressive and fatal prostate cancer--a dose-response meta-analysis.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x7885029ea020>"
}