{
    "abstract": "Cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injections (CTFESIs) are widely used for the treatment of radicular pain caused by cervical spine pathology, including disc herniations and foraminal stenosis. This review aims to analyze the risks and benefits of CTFESIs, address their efficacy and safety profile, improve clinical decision-making, and educate interventional pain medicine physicians.\nCTFESIs have demonstrated benefits such as pain relief, functional improvement, and the potential to avoid surgical interventions. However, their use is limited by safety concerns due to the proximity of vascular structures in the cervical spine. Complications, including neurological injuries, infections, and vascular injuries, though rare, can be severe. Recent studies emphasize the importance of using advanced procedural techniques, such as fluoroscopic guidance and non-particulate corticosteroids, to minimize risks. CTFESIs remain a valuable tool for managing cervical radiculopathy in selected patients. While they provide substantial therapeutic and diagnostic benefits, careful patient selection and adherence to safety protocols are crucial to minimizing serious complications. This review compiles current evidence to assist clinicians in evaluating the risks and benefits of CTFESIs in clinical practice.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA. Jamal.J.Hasoon@uth.tmc.edu.",
            "firstname": "Jamal",
            "initials": "J",
            "lastname": "Hasoon"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.",
            "firstname": "Ashlyn",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Brown"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.",
            "firstname": "Alexandra",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Moauro"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Anesthesiology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA.\nMountain View Headache and Spine Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA.",
            "firstname": "Omar",
            "initials": "O",
            "lastname": "Viswanath"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.",
            "firstname": "Alaa",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Abd-Elsayed"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "\u00a9 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.",
    "doi": "10.1007/s11916-025-01385-0\n10.1002/msc.1498\n10.1097/AAP.0000000000000323\n10.1097/MD.0000000000019266\n10.52965/001c.124767\n10.7759/cureus.48528\n10.52965/001c.126044\n10.1097/BRS.0b013e318053ec50\n10.1016/j.inpm.2024.100420\n10.1302/0301-620X.104B5.BJJ-2021-1816.R1\n10.1016/j.inpm.2023.100379\n10.1093/PM/PNAA242\n10.1016/j.crad.2024.01.022\n10.1007/s00330-015-3758-4\n10.3340/jkns.2010.48.5.419\n10.1016/j.inpm.2023.100299\n10.1111/pme.12415\n10.1093/pm/pnz127\n10.1007/s00256-014-1843-4\n10.12890/2019_001082\n10.1097/PHM.0000000000000860\n10.1159/000455069\n10.1016/j.pmrj.2009.03.017\n10.1213/ane.0b013e3181a826db\n10.36076/ppj.2003/6/369\n10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00343-3\n10.1016/j.pmr.2017.08.012\n10.1097/00000542-200401000-00018\n10.1097/AAP.0b013e31828ea086\n10.1097/00007632-200203150-00022\n10.1016/0304-3959(90)91162-C\n10.1097/00000542-199911000-00065\n10.1053/rapm.2001.22584\n10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01077.x\n10.1097/00000542-197905000-00015\n10.1097/00000539-200106000-00045\n10.1097/AAP.0b013e3181b493e9\n10.3174/ajnr.A4603\n10.3390/biomedicines10051036\n10.1345/aph.18276\n10.5603/AIT.2013.0021\n10.1111/j.1365-2044.1980.tb03858.x\n10.1016/j.jbspin.2006.10.009\n10.1093/rheumatology/34.4.385\n10.1353/pbm.1971.0002\n10.1111/j.1399-6576.1990.tb03097.x\n10.1007/s00586-009-1000-2\n10.1056/NEJMp1511754",
    "journal": "Current pain and headache reports",
    "keywords": [
        "Cervical epidural steroid injections",
        "Cervical radiculopathy",
        "Cervical spine pathology",
        "Cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injections",
        "Disc herniations",
        "Foraminal stenosis",
        "Interventional pain management",
        "Radicular pain",
        "Safety protocols"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2025-04-02",
    "pubmed_id": "40172800\n32710604\n26469369\n38074001\n17495784\n39238585\n35491579\n39239498\n38369438\n25903715\n21286478\n39239213\n24615407\n29116946\n28203184\n19627957\n19535715\n16880884\n12749976\n29173660\n14695730\n23598728\n1701045\n10551621\n11464346\n21392252\n453565\n11375849\n19749586\n33633415\n33633414\n26611993\n35625773\n10332537\n7435920\n17919959\n5546253\n2167604\n33492919\n19387704\n16687527\n26444582",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Risks and Benefits of Cervical Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections: A Comprehensive Review.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x78850454d210>"
}