{
    "abstract": "Zinc hydrometallurgy sites are critical hotspots for combined toxic metal(loid)s (TMs) pollution, yet the integration of spatial heterogeneity and migration dynamics into source apportionment remains underexplored. This study investigated the concentrations, speciation, and spatial distribution of nine TMs (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Zn) in soils at an abandoned zinc smelter in southwest China. Multivariate statistical methods and the Positive matrix factorization (PMF) model were applied to disentangle primary sources and secondary redistribution. Spatial analysis revealed that As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, and Zn shared similar contamination patterns, concentrated in slag storage and comprehensive recovery areas, whereas Hg and Mn exhibited distinct hotspots near sulfuric acid production and electrolysis zones. Vertical migration was most pronounced for Cd and Zn (>\u20098\u00a0m depth), followed by Hg and Mn (4-8\u00a0m), while As, Cu, Pb, and Sb were restricted to 0-4\u00a0m due to adsorption in clay-rich layers. Speciation analysis indicated high mobility of Cd and Zn (acid-soluble fraction: 66.96 and 52.10%, respectively), contrasting with reducible Pb and Mn (51.59 and 48.32%) and residual As, Hg, Ni, Sb (60.74-76.64%). The results from PMF model identified aqueous-phase (Cd, Zn, Mn) and solid-phase (As, Cu, Pb, Sb) migration pathways, validated by spatial correlations with topography and functional zones. Aqueous-phase contributions dominated low-lying areas, while solid-phase contributions aligned with elevated regions, reflecting topography-driven redistribution. This study advances source apportionment of TM in soil by unifying spatial heterogeneity, speciation dynamics, and receptor modeling, offering a framework for targeted risk assessment and remediation of industrial sites.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610227, China.\nSichuan Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.",
            "firstname": "Hengbo",
            "initials": "H",
            "lastname": "Liu"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Sichuan Xinchuan Testing Company, Chengdu, 610200, China.",
            "firstname": "Xu",
            "initials": "X",
            "lastname": "Cao"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Sichuan Xinchuan Testing Company, Chengdu, 610200, China.",
            "firstname": "Zhiyue",
            "initials": "Z",
            "lastname": "Gao"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Sichuan Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.",
            "firstname": "Yi",
            "initials": "Y",
            "lastname": "Wu"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Sichuan Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.",
            "firstname": "Yongfang",
            "initials": "Y",
            "lastname": "Sa"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Sichuan Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.",
            "firstname": "Qinying",
            "initials": "Q",
            "lastname": "Yao"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Sichuan Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.",
            "firstname": "Jianzhou",
            "initials": "J",
            "lastname": "Han"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610227, China. yanyang@scu.edu.cn.",
            "firstname": "Jinyan",
            "initials": "J",
            "lastname": "Yang"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Sichuan Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.",
            "firstname": "Jiang",
            "initials": "J",
            "lastname": "Hou"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Sichuan Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.",
            "firstname": "Tao",
            "initials": "T",
            "lastname": "Xing"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "\u00a9 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.",
    "doi": "10.1007/s10653-025-02469-x\n10.1016/j.hydromet.2014.08.001\n10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.022\n10.1016/s0269-7491(03)00253-7\n10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.025\n10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.03.036\n10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.086\n10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113369\n10.1007/bf00282668\n10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.179\n10.1016/j.envpol.2009.03.021\n10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.11.017\n10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110092\n10.1007/s00254-007-0976-3\n10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.09.020\n10.1007/s10653-023-01598-5\n10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.07.025\n10.1080/10643389.2018.1495983\n10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.12.003\n10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134413\n10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130934\n10.1007/s10653-011-9390-65\n10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.088\n10.1007/s00128-022-03465-y\n10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117038\n10.2134/jeq2001.302485x\n10.1016/j.apgeochem.2019.104388\n10.1007/s12517-022-09771-3\n10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129422\n10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.12.025\n10.1002/gj.4814\n10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111674\n10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.250\n10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120874\n10.1016/j.hydromet.2014.10.007\n10.1016/j.etap.2011.03.001\n10.1016/s1352-2310(02)00279-0\n10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.06.006\n10.5194/amt-7-781-2014\n10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.08.018\n10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125382\n10.1080/10473289.2007.10465319\n10.3390/su14020783\n10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.01.044\n10.1016/j.jes.2022.09.027\n10.1016/j.jece.2020.104197\n10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.063\n10.1039/c9em00529c\n10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127574\n10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117364\n10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.268\n10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.03.110\n10.1007/s10661-019-7254-1\n10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124989\n10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130103\n10.1007/s11356-018-3881-2\n10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113617\n10.3390/su13126526\n10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127970\n10.1016/S0048-9697(97)00341-0\n10.1007/s12666-020-01991-z\n10.1016/j.jes.2022.06.015\n10.1016/j.envint.2022.107148\n10.1016/j.watres.2007.04.022",
    "journal": "Environmental geochemistry and health",
    "keywords": [
        "Abandoned zinc smelter",
        "Positive matrix factorization",
        "Source apportionment",
        "Spatial heterogeneity",
        "Speciation dynamics",
        "Toxic metal(loid)s"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2025-04-19",
    "pubmed_id": "40251334",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Integrating spatial heterogeneity and speciation dynamics in source apportionment of toxic metal(loid)s at an abandoned hydrometallurgical zinc smelting site.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x7885069516c0>"
}