{
    "abstract": "Motor learning experiments with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) at 2\u00a0mA have produced mixed results. We hypothesize that tDCS boosts motor learning provided sufficiently high field intensity on the motor cortex.\nIn a single-blinded design, 108 healthy participants received either anodal (N\u00a0=\u00a036) or cathodal (N\u00a0=\u00a036) tDCS at 4\u00a0mA total, or no stimulation (N\u00a0=\u00a036) while they practiced a 12-min sequence learning task. Anodal stimulation was delivered across four electrode pairs (1\u00a0mA each), with anodes above the right parietal lobe and cathodes above the right frontal lobe. Cathodal stimulation, with reversed polarities, served as an active control for sensation, while the no-stimulation condition established baseline performance. fMRI-localized targets on the primary motor cortex in 10 subjects were used in current flow models to optimize electrode placement for maximal field intensity. A single electrode montage was then selected for all participants.\nWe found a significant difference in performance with anodal vs. cathodal stimulation (Cohen's d\u00a0=\u00a00.71) and vs. no stimulation (d\u00a0=\u00a00.56). This effect persisted for at least 1\u00a0h, and subsequent learning for a new sequence and the opposite hand also improved. Sensation ratings were comparable in the active groups and did not exceed moderate levels. Current flow models suggest the new electrode montage can achieve stronger motor cortex polarization than alternative montages.\nThe present paradigm shows a medium to large effect size and is well-tolerated. It may serve as a go-to experiment for future studies on motor learning and tDCS.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: ghsu@ccny.cuny.edu.",
            "firstname": "Gavin",
            "initials": "G",
            "lastname": "Hsu"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, USA.",
            "firstname": "A Duke",
            "initials": "AD",
            "lastname": "Shereen"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.",
            "firstname": "Leonardo G",
            "initials": "LG",
            "lastname": "Cohen"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.",
            "firstname": "Lucas C",
            "initials": "LC",
            "lastname": "Parra"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": "The present paradigm shows a medium to large effect size and is well-tolerated. It may serve as a go-to experiment for future studies on motor learning and tDCS.",
    "copyrights": "Copyright \u00a9 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.brs.2022.12.011\n10.1016/j.neuron.2011.10.008\n10.1038/678\n10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5016-03.2004\n10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.01.048\n10.1162/089892903321662994\n10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x\n10.1212/WNL.57.10.1899\n10.1038/377155a0\n10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.02.041\n10.1016/j.bbr.2011.09.044\n10.1073/pnas.95.3.861\n10.1016/j.neuron.2015.03.024\n10.1093/cercor/bhab488\n10.1152/jn.00346.2005\n10.1113/JP276626\n10.1016/j.cub.2011.01.069\n10.1126/science.8122113\n10.1038/nature712\n10.1016/j.clinph.2017.01.004\n10.1186/1471-2202-9-103\n10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.02.009\n10.3389/fnhum.2013.00333\n10.1111/ejn.13122\n10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117363\n10.1016/j.neulet.2016.01.039\n10.1016/j.brs.2019.04.002\n10.3389/fnhum.2021.631517\n10.3389/fnhum.2016.00453\n10.1177/1073858410386614\n10.1016/j.brs.2019.10.014\n10.1016/j.brs.2016.10.001\n10.1016/j.brs.2017.04.022\n10.1016/j.neuron.2010.03.035\n10.1152/jn.00319.2011\n10.1016/j.brs.2021.10.552\n10.1002/ana.24708\n10.1113/JP272738\n10.1016/j.brs.2017.12.002\n10.1016/j.cortex.2019.04.016\n10.1038/s41598-020-72909-4\n10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118144\n10.1113/jphysiol.2003.055772\n10.1016/j.brs.2009.03.007.e3\n10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119501\n10.1088/1741-2560/8/4/046011\n10.1016/j.jpain.2011.07.001\n10.1016/j.brs.2018.04.022\n10.1016/j.brs.2016.03.018\n10.1016/j.cub.2019.02.049.e4\n10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00746-8\n10.1038/nrn3315\n10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021\n10.1093/cercor/bhg087\n10.1088/1741-2552/ab208d\n10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.02.049\n10.1088/1741-2552/ab92b3\n10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149\n10.1016/j.jmp.2012.08.001\n10.1111/ner.12786\n10.1016/j.brs.2009.03.005\n10.1016/j.brs.2016.06.004\n10.1016/j.brs.2019.07.027\n10.3389/fnhum.2020.00240\n10.1016/j.clinph.2005.12.003\n10.1371/journal.pone.0047514\n10.1111/ejn.15070\n10.1016/j.brs.2021.04.008\n10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.10.020\n10.1097/00001756-199009000-00016\n10.1016/j.conb.2005.03.004\n10.1016/j.bbr.2008.11.012\n10.1093/brain/121.11.2159\n10.1016/S0959-4388(02)00307-0\n10.1371/journal.pbio.1002186\n10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119111\n10.1002/hbm.24793\n10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00158-6\n10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.03.056\n10.1038/427311a\n10.1371/journal.pone.0010198\n10.1016/j.brs.2021.01.018\n10.31234/osf.io/q5y9n\n10.1152/jn.00595.2003\n10.1152/jn.00217.2015\n10.1073/pnas.93.9.3843\n10.1007/s00221-002-1140-7\n10.1152/jn.00042.2014\n10.3389/fnagi.2015.00073\n10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118657\n10.1002/hbm.21037\n10.1038/srep22180",
    "journal": "Brain stimulation",
    "keywords": [
        "Motor cortex",
        "Motor learning",
        "Safety",
        "Sensation",
        "Transcranial direct current stimulation"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2022-12-28",
    "pubmed_id": "36574814\n22078504\n10195148\n14973238\n15062976\n12803972\n10990547\n11723286\n7675082\n15955490\n22004979\n9448252\n25892304\n35136959\n16221751\n30300446\n21376596\n8122113\n11807497\n28231477\n18957075\n21335013\n23847505\n26540137\n32919057\n26826607\n30987860\n33613217\n27679568\n21343407\n31668982\n28104085\n28169833\n20434997\n22236710\n34749007\n27315032\n27723104\n29258808\n31195316\n32999375\n33991697\n14978199\n20161507\n35878726\n21659696\n22104190\n29784589\n27108392\n30930043\n12123620\n22903222\n16530430\n14654453\n31071686\n23473936\n32403096\n19897823\n29762886\n20648973\n27372845\n31427272\n32714170\n16427357\n23082174\n33259084\n33848677\n15661300\n2129858\n15831397\n19061920\n9827775\n12015240\n26125597\n35331873\n31520506\n12457751\n24680712\n14737157\n14534258\n20419166\n33516859\n14627660\n26156381\n8632977\n12172655\n24598522\n25999856\n34687859\n20533562\n439035\n26908001",
    "results": "We found a significant difference in performance with anodal vs. cathodal stimulation (Cohen's d\u00a0=\u00a00.71) and vs. no stimulation (d\u00a0=\u00a00.56). This effect persisted for at least 1\u00a0h, and subsequent learning for a new sequence and the opposite hand also improved. Sensation ratings were comparable in the active groups and did not exceed moderate levels. Current flow models suggest the new electrode montage can achieve stronger motor cortex polarization than alternative montages.",
    "title": "Robust enhancement of motor sequence learning with 4\u00a0mA transcranial electric stimulation.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x7885049962a0>"
}