{
    "abstract": "Background Nonhuman primates (NHP) may provide the most adequate (in terms of neuroanatomy and neurophysiology) model of spinal cord injury (SCI) for testing regenerative therapies, but bioethical considerations exclude their use in severe SCI. New Method A reproducible model of SCI at the lower thoracic level has been developed in Rhesus macaques. The model comprises surgical resection of 25% of the spinal cord in the projection of the dorsal funiculus and dorsolateral corticospinal pathways, controlled via registration of intraoperative evoked potentials (EPs). The animals were evaluated using the modified Hindlimb score, MRI, SSEP, and MEP over a time period of 8-12 weeks post-SCI, followed by histological examination. Results Complete disappearance of intraoperative EPs from distal hindlimb muscles without restoration within two weeks post-SCI was an indicator for irreversible disruption of the abovementioned pathways. As a result, controlled damage to the spinal cord was achieved in three NHPs, clinically manifested as irreversible lower monoplegia. No significant functional restoration was observed in these NHPs up to 12 weeks post-SCI. Demyelination of the damaged ascending tracts was detected. Disturbances in pelvic organ function were not observed in all animals. Comparison with existing methods The new method of EPs-guided SCI allows a more controlled and irreversible damage to the spinal cord compared with contusion and other transection approaches. Conclusions This method to induce complete SCI in NHP is well tolerated, reproducible and ethically acceptable: these are valuable attributes in a preclinical model that will hopefully help advance testing of new regenerative therapies in SCI.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Federal Research and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies, FMBA, 28 Orekhovy Blvd., 115682 Moscow, Russia; Institute for Advanced Training, FMBA, Moscow, Russia. Electronic address: serpoff@gmail.com.",
            "firstname": "V P",
            "initials": "VP",
            "lastname": "Baklaushev"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Federal Research and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies, FMBA, 28 Orekhovy Blvd., 115682 Moscow, Russia.",
            "firstname": "O V",
            "initials": "OV",
            "lastname": "Durov"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Federal Research and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies, FMBA, 28 Orekhovy Blvd., 115682 Moscow, Russia.",
            "firstname": "S V",
            "initials": "SV",
            "lastname": "Kim"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Federal Research and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies, FMBA, 28 Orekhovy Blvd., 115682 Moscow, Russia.",
            "firstname": "E V",
            "initials": "EV",
            "lastname": "Gulaev"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Research and Education Center for Medicinal Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.",
            "firstname": "I L",
            "initials": "IL",
            "lastname": "Gubskiy"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Federal Research and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies, FMBA, 28 Orekhovy Blvd., 115682 Moscow, Russia; Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov Medical University, Moscow, Russia.",
            "firstname": "M A",
            "initials": "MA",
            "lastname": "Konoplyannikov"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Federal Research and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies, FMBA, 28 Orekhovy Blvd., 115682 Moscow, Russia.",
            "firstname": "F G",
            "initials": "FG",
            "lastname": "Zabozlaev"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Research and Education Center for Medicinal Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.",
            "firstname": "C",
            "initials": "C",
            "lastname": "Zhang"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Institute of Medicinal Primatology Russian Academy of Science, Sochi, Russia.",
            "firstname": "V Z",
            "initials": "VZ",
            "lastname": "Agrba"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Institute of Medicinal Primatology Russian Academy of Science, Sochi, Russia.",
            "firstname": "S V",
            "initials": "SV",
            "lastname": "Orlov"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Institute of Medicinal Primatology Russian Academy of Science, Sochi, Russia.",
            "firstname": "B A",
            "initials": "BA",
            "lastname": "Lapin"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Federal Research and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies, FMBA, 28 Orekhovy Blvd., 115682 Moscow, Russia; Institute for Advanced Training, FMBA, Moscow, Russia.",
            "firstname": "A V",
            "initials": "AV",
            "lastname": "Troitskiy"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Federal Research and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies, FMBA, 28 Orekhovy Blvd., 115682 Moscow, Russia.",
            "firstname": "A V",
            "initials": "AV",
            "lastname": "Averyanov"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "New World Laboratories Inc., Laval, Canada.",
            "firstname": "J-E",
            "initials": "JE",
            "lastname": "Ahlfors"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "Copyright \u00a9 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.10.030",
    "journal": "Journal of neuroscience methods",
    "keywords": [
        "Animal models",
        "Demyelination",
        "MEP",
        "Morphometry",
        "Nonhuman primates",
        "SCI",
        "SSEP",
        "Spinal cord injury"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2018-11-06",
    "pubmed_id": "30393204",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Development of a motor and somatosensory evoked potentials-guided spinal cord Injury model in non-human primates.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788505aa4630>"
}