{
    "abstract": "The process of establishing relay protection and automation (RPA) settings for electric power systems (EPSs) entails complex calculations of operating modes. Traditionally, these calculations are based on symmetrical components, which require the building of equivalent circuits of various sequences. This approach can lead to errors both when identifying the operating modes and when modeling the RPA devices. Proper modeling of measuring transformers (MTs), symmetrical component filters (SCFs), and circuits connected to them effectively solves this problem, enabling the configuration of relay protection and automation systems. The methods of modeling the EPS in phase coordinates are proposed to simultaneously determine the operating modes of high-voltage networks and secondary circuits connected to the current and voltage transformers. The MT and SCF models are developed to concurrently identify the operating modes of secondary wiring circuits and calculate the power flow in the controlled EPS segments. This method is effective in addressing practical problems related to the configuration of the relay protection and automation systems. It can also be used when establishing cyber-physical power systems. For a comprehensive check of the adequacy of the MT models, 140 modes of the electric power system were determined which corresponded to time-varying traction loads. Based on the results of calculating the complexes of currents and voltages at the MT terminals, parametric identification of the power transmission line was performed. Based on this, the model of this transmission line was adjusted; repeated modeling was carried out, and errors were calculated. The modeling results showed a high accuracy when calculating the modules and phases of voltages using the identified model. The average error value for current modules was 0.6%, and for angles, it was 0.26\u00b0.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Heat, Hydraulics and Environmental Engineering, \"Angel Kanchev\" University of Ruse, 7017 Ruse, Bulgaria.",
            "firstname": "Iliya",
            "initials": "I",
            "lastname": "Iliev"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Transport Electric Power, Irkutsk State Transport University, 664074 Irkutsk, Russia.\nDepartment of Power Supply and Electrical Engineering, Irkutsk National Research Technical University, 664074 Irkutsk, Russia.",
            "firstname": "Andrey",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Kryukov"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Hydropower and Renewable Energy, National Research Technical University \"Moscow Power Engineering Institute\", 111250 Moscow, Russia.\nDepartment of Energy, Transbaikal State University, 672039 Chita, Russia.",
            "firstname": "Konstantin",
            "initials": "K",
            "lastname": "Suslov"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Branch of JSC \"System Operator of the Unified Energy System\" Kuban Regional Dispatch Office, 350000 Krasnodar, Russia.",
            "firstname": "Nikolay",
            "initials": "N",
            "lastname": "Kodolov"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Power Supply and Electrical Engineering, Irkutsk National Research Technical University, 664074 Irkutsk, Russia.",
            "firstname": "Aleksandr",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Kryukov"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Transport, \"Angel Kanchev\" University of Ruse, 7017 Ruse, Bulgaria.",
            "firstname": "Ivan",
            "initials": "I",
            "lastname": "Beloev"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Economics and Management, Russian University of Cooperation, 420034 Kazan, Russia.",
            "firstname": "Yulia",
            "initials": "Y",
            "lastname": "Valeeva"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": null,
    "doi": "10.3390/s25020344\n10.17654/EC017051197\n10.1109/TDLA47668.2020.9326170\n10.1109/TENCONSpring.2013.6584451\n10.1109/AEEES56888.2023.10114371\n10.1109/TIM.2022.3177189\n10.1109/ICPEE51316.2020.9311097\n10.1109/EPEE59859.2023.10352043\n10.1109/ICELMACH.2010.5607845\n10.1109/I2MTC.2019.8826877\n10.1109/TDLA47668.2020.9326157\n10.1109/TIM.2023.3302370\n10.1109/TPWRD.2010.2046188\n10.1109/IPEMC.2016.7512535\n10.1109/ISFEE.2014.7050561\n10.1109/MEACS.2014.6986890\n10.1109/ICEMPE.2017.7982060\n10.1109/TPWRD.2007.900108\n10.1109/ICIEAM.2019.8742978\n10.1109/IEPS.2014.6874168\n10.1109/ICEE.2017.7893440\n10.1109/ICPSAsia58343.2023.10294448\n10.1109/AMPS55790.2022.9978787\n10.1109/TMAG.2012.2197017\n10.15407/techned2016.04.020\n10.3390/s21092907\n10.3390/s20030927\n10.3390/s16010040\n10.3390/en15239186\n10.1109/JSYST.2014.2322503",
    "journal": "Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)",
    "keywords": [
        "electric power systems",
        "measuring transformers",
        "modeling",
        "phase coordinates",
        "symmetrical component filters"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2025-01-25",
    "pubmed_id": "39860713\n33919172\n32050568\n26729119",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Modeling of Measuring Transducers for Relay Protection Systems of Electrical Installations.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788504b28fe0>"
}