{
    "abstract": "Today, children with hearing loss (HL) are diagnosed and fitted with hearing devices at an early age. However, HL may still influence their communicative development. Thus, we need up-to-date research on how children perform in their everyday environments, such as at home or daycare. This study provides an overview of the communication abilities of early-diagnosed children with HL reported by parents and daycare professionals. The first aim of the study is to compare the results of children with bilateral hearing aids (BiHAs) or bilateral cochlear implants (BiCIs) with those of children with normal hearing (NH) and with each other. The second aim of the study is to compare the views of the two respondents, parents and the daycare professionals. In addition, the effects of gender and nonverbal intelligence quotient (IQ) on the responses are explored.\nThe participants, aged 4;0-6;9, were 25 children with BiHAs, 29 children with BiCIs, and 64 children with NH. The Finnish version of the Children's Communication Checklist-2 (CCC-2) was used to assess the communication skills of the participants.\nGroup and nonverbal IQ had a significant effect on the General Communication Composite (GCC) score. Both groups of children with HL had poorer GCC scores than the children with NH, apart from the respondent. The BiHA-group had significantly lower scores than the NH-group on Speech, Syntax, Semantics, and Coherence subscales. The BiCI-group had significantly lower scores than the NH-group across all subscales of the CCC-2. The parents rated the participants significantly higher than the daycare professionals in Speech and Social Relations. In contrast, the daycare professionals rated the participants higher than the parents in Coherence, Inappropriate Initiation, Stereotyped Language, and Use of Context. Furthermore, gender influenced Coherence, Nonverbal Communication, Social Relations, and Interests, for which the girls performed better than the boys. The nonverbal IQ had an effect on Syntax, Semantics, and Use of Context, for which higher nonverbal IQ was associated with better performance.\nOn average the children with HL had poorer communication skills than the children with NH. Pragmatic difficulties were more common in the BiCI-group than in the BiHA-group. The respondents were not completely unanimous, which may be because of the different demands of different environments.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Research Unit of Logopedics, University of Oulu, Finland; Child Language Research Center, University of Oulu, Finland. Electronic address: krista.tuohimaa@oulu.fi.",
            "firstname": "Krista",
            "initials": "K",
            "lastname": "Tuohimaa"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Research Unit of Logopedics, University of Oulu, Finland; Child Language Research Center, University of Oulu, Finland.",
            "firstname": "Soile",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Loukusa"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Eastern Finland, Finland; Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland.",
            "firstname": "Heikki",
            "initials": "H",
            "lastname": "L\u00f6pp\u00f6nen"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Research Unit of Logopedics, University of Oulu, Finland; Child Language Research Center, University of Oulu, Finland.",
            "firstname": "Taina",
            "initials": "T",
            "lastname": "V\u00e4limaa"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Research Unit of Logopedics, University of Oulu, Finland; Child Language Research Center, University of Oulu, Finland.",
            "firstname": "Sari",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Kunnari"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "Copyright \u00a9 2022. Published by Elsevier Inc.",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.jcomdis.2022.106256",
    "journal": "Journal of communication disorders",
    "keywords": [
        "Cochlear implant",
        "Communication abilities",
        "Daycare professionals",
        "Hearing aid",
        "Hearing loss",
        "Parents"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2022-08-28",
    "pubmed_id": "36029613",
    "results": "Group and nonverbal IQ had a significant effect on the General Communication Composite (GCC) score. Both groups of children with HL had poorer GCC scores than the children with NH, apart from the respondent. The BiHA-group had significantly lower scores than the NH-group on Speech, Syntax, Semantics, and Coherence subscales. The BiCI-group had significantly lower scores than the NH-group across all subscales of the CCC-2. The parents rated the participants significantly higher than the daycare professionals in Speech and Social Relations. In contrast, the daycare professionals rated the participants higher than the parents in Coherence, Inappropriate Initiation, Stereotyped Language, and Use of Context. Furthermore, gender influenced Coherence, Nonverbal Communication, Social Relations, and Interests, for which the girls performed better than the boys. The nonverbal IQ had an effect on Syntax, Semantics, and Use of Context, for which higher nonverbal IQ was associated with better performance.",
    "title": "Communication abilities in children with hearing loss - views of parents and daycare professionals.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x7885060070b0>"
}