{
    "abstract": "We here present evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of migraine. These guidelines, created by the Italian Society for the Study of Headache and the International Headache Society, aim to offer clear, actionable recommendations to healthcare professionals. They incorporate evidence-based recommendations from randomized controlled trials and expert-based opinions. The guidelines follow the GRADE approach for assessing the quality of evidence. The guideline development involved a systematic review of literature across multiple databases, adherence to Cochrane review methods, and a structured framework for data extraction and interpretation. Although the guidelines provide a robust foundation for migraine treatment, they also highlight gaps in current research, such as the paucity of head-to-head drug comparisons and the need for long-term outcome studies. These guidelines serve as a resource to standardize migraine treatment and promote high-quality care across different healthcare settings.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Raffaele",
            "initials": "R",
            "lastname": "Ornello"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Valeria",
            "initials": "V",
            "lastname": "Caponnetto"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, UK.",
            "firstname": "Fayyaz",
            "initials": "F",
            "lastname": "Ahmed"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.",
            "firstname": "Haidar M",
            "initials": "HM",
            "lastname": "Al-Khazali"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Headache Clinic - IRCCS NEUROMED, Pozzilli, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Anna",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Ambrosini"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Neurology and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.\nDepartment of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.",
            "firstname": "Sait",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Ashina"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Digital and Predictive Medicine, Pharmacology and Clinical Metabolic Toxicology -Headache Center and Drug Abuse - Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, University of Modena, Modena, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Carlo",
            "initials": "C",
            "lastname": "Baraldi"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Alessia",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Bellotti"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Filippo",
            "initials": "F",
            "lastname": "Brighina"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.\nDipartimento di Neuroscienze, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Paolo",
            "initials": "P",
            "lastname": "Calabresi"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Francesco",
            "initials": "F",
            "lastname": "Casillo"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma Cefalee ed Algie Facciali, Bologna, Italia.",
            "firstname": "Sabina",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Cevoli"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Deparment of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.",
            "firstname": "Shuli",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Cheng"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.",
            "firstname": "Chia-Chun",
            "initials": "CC",
            "lastname": "Chiang"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, Headache Center University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Alberto",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Chiarugi"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.\nDepartment of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.\nDepartment of Neurology and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.\nDepartment of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.",
            "firstname": "Rune H\u00e4ckert",
            "initials": "RH",
            "lastname": "Christensen"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Neurology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.",
            "firstname": "Min Kyung",
            "initials": "MK",
            "lastname": "Chu"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Gianluca",
            "initials": "G",
            "lastname": "Coppola"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Ilenia",
            "initials": "I",
            "lastname": "Corbelli"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Neurology Department, Headache Clinic, Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina.",
            "firstname": "Santiago",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Crema"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Headache Science and Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCSS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.\nDepartment of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Roberto",
            "initials": "R",
            "lastname": "De Icco"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "DiBrain Department, Neurophysiopathology Unit, Bari Aldo Moro University, Bari, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Marina",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "De Tommaso"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Cherubino",
            "initials": "C",
            "lastname": "Di Lorenzo"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Vincenzo",
            "initials": "V",
            "lastname": "Di Stefano"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Neuroepidemiology, Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.",
            "firstname": "Hans-Christoph",
            "initials": "HC",
            "lastname": "Diener"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Neurology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.",
            "firstname": "Esme",
            "initials": "E",
            "lastname": "Ekizoglu"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "DiBrain Department, Neurophysiopathology Unit, Bari Aldo Moro University, Bari, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Adriana",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Fallacara"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma Cefalee ed Algie Facciali, Bologna, Italia.",
            "firstname": "Valentina",
            "initials": "V",
            "lastname": "Favoni"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Neurology-Headache Division, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.",
            "firstname": "Kimberly N",
            "initials": "KN",
            "lastname": "Garces"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Pain Research Center, College of Dentistry, New York University, NY, USA.",
            "firstname": "Pierangelo",
            "initials": "P",
            "lastname": "Geppetti"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Neurology Department, Headache Clinic, Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina.",
            "firstname": "Maria Teresa",
            "initials": "MT",
            "lastname": "Goicochea"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Clinical Unit of Neurology, Headache Center, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University Hospital and Health Services of Trieste, ASUGI, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Antonio",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Granato"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Unit of Neurosciences, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Franco",
            "initials": "F",
            "lastname": "Granella"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Digital and Predictive Medicine, Pharmacology and Clinical Metabolic Toxicology -Headache Center and Drug Abuse - Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, University of Modena, Modena, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Simona",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Guerzoni"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.",
            "firstname": "Woo-Seok",
            "initials": "WS",
            "lastname": "Ha"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Neurology, Kasr Al Ainy Hospitals, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.",
            "firstname": "Amr",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Hassan"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Neurology, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Japan.",
            "firstname": "Koichi",
            "initials": "K",
            "lastname": "Hirata"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Wolfson Sensory, Pain and Regeneration Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.",
            "firstname": "Jan",
            "initials": "J",
            "lastname": "Hoffmann"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.",
            "firstname": "Eva-Maria",
            "initials": "EM",
            "lastname": "H\u00fcssler"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Neurology, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.",
            "firstname": "Mona",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Hussein"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.",
            "firstname": "Luigi Francesco",
            "initials": "LF",
            "lastname": "Iannone"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Northern Headache and Neurology Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia.",
            "firstname": "Bronwyn",
            "initials": "B",
            "lastname": "Jenkins"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Wolfson Sensory, Pain and Regeneration Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.",
            "firstname": "Alejandro",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Labastida-Ramirez"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "DiBrain Department, Neurophysiopathology Unit, Bari Aldo Moro University, Bari, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Anna",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Laporta"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "UCSF Health, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.",
            "firstname": "Morris",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Levin"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Antonino",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Lupica"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Headache Centre, Neurology - Euganea, Health Unit, Padua, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Edoardo",
            "initials": "E",
            "lastname": "Mampreso"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Headache Science and Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCSS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Daniele",
            "initials": "D",
            "lastname": "Martinelli"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Neurology-Headache Division, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.",
            "firstname": "Teshamae S",
            "initials": "TS",
            "lastname": "Monteith"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Headache Centre of Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Ilaria",
            "initials": "I",
            "lastname": "Orologio"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Neurology, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey.",
            "firstname": "Aynur",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "\u00d6zge"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.",
            "firstname": "Li-Ling Hope",
            "initials": "LH",
            "lastname": "Pan"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, UK.",
            "firstname": "Lavindren Luke",
            "initials": "LL",
            "lastname": "Panneerchelvam"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "University of Sao Paulo, Sao, Paulo, Brazil.",
            "firstname": "Mario Fp",
            "initials": "MF",
            "lastname": "Peres"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.",
            "firstname": "Marcio Nattan Portes",
            "initials": "MNP",
            "lastname": "Souza"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Headache Clinic, Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.\nHeadache and Neurological Pain Research Group, VHIR, Department of Medicine, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.",
            "firstname": "Patricia",
            "initials": "P",
            "lastname": "Pozo-Rosich"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Headache Center, Amaducci Neurological Clinic, Polyclinic Hospital-University Consortium, Bari, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Maria Pia",
            "initials": "MP",
            "lastname": "Prudenzano"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma Cefalee ed Algie Facciali, Bologna, Italia.",
            "firstname": "Silvia",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Quattrocchi"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Headache Center, Department of Neuroscience \"Rita Levi Montalcini\", University of Torino, Torino, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Innocenzo",
            "initials": "I",
            "lastname": "Rainero"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Ukrainian Medical Academy, Ukraine.",
            "firstname": "Volodymyr",
            "initials": "V",
            "lastname": "Romanenko"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.\nDipartimento di Neuroscienze, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Marina",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Romozzi"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Headache Centre of Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Antonio",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Russo"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Headache Science and Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCSS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Grazia",
            "initials": "G",
            "lastname": "Sances"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Paola",
            "initials": "P",
            "lastname": "Sarchielli"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.",
            "firstname": "Todd J",
            "initials": "TJ",
            "lastname": "Schwedt"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Headache Centre of Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Marcello",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Silvestro"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "University of Sao Paulo, Sao, Paulo, Brazil.",
            "firstname": "Diego Belardino",
            "initials": "DB",
            "lastname": "Swerts"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Headache Science and Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCSS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.\nDepartment of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Cristina",
            "initials": "C",
            "lastname": "Tassorelli"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Headache Centre of Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Alessandro",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Tessitore"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Headache Department, Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.\nHeadache Department, Neurology Ward, Sina Hospital, Medical School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.",
            "firstname": "Mansoureh",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Togha"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Headache Science and Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCSS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.\nDepartment of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Gloria",
            "initials": "G",
            "lastname": "Vaghi"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei.\nCollege of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei.",
            "firstname": "Shuu-Jiun",
            "initials": "SJ",
            "lastname": "Wang"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.\nDepartment of Neurology and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.",
            "firstname": "Messoud",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Ashina"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Simona",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Sacco"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": null,
    "doi": "10.1177/03331024251321500",
    "journal": "Cephalalgia : an international journal of headache",
    "keywords": [
        "acute treatment",
        "drugs",
        "migraine treatment",
        "pharmacological treatments",
        "preventive treatment"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2025-04-25",
    "pubmed_id": "40277321",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of migraine, summary version.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788504431850>"
}