{
    "abstract": "International humanitarian aid workers (iHAWs) are motivated strongly to travel abroad to help communities affected by war, famine, disaster and disease. They expose themselves to dangers and hardships during their field assignments. Despite working under such challenging circumstances, most workers remain healthy. The objective of the present study was to unravel the mechanism that enables workers to remain healthy under the same circumstances that affect these communities. We hypothesised that the different components of the Sense of Coherence (SOC) health mechanism mediate the relationship between field stressors and post-assignment health.\nThe stress-health model was tested among 465 international aid workers using a longitudinal pre-post assignment study design and structural equation modelling for path analyses. The (health) outcome variables were PTSD, anxiety, depression, emotional exhaustion, and work engagement. Our findings highlight the importance of being healthy before aid assignment and the negative health impact of field stressors that were not potentially traumatic. The SOC components mediated the relationship between field stress and post-assignment health, with males and females using different SOC components to alleviate stress. Males are more likely trying to understand the nature of the stressor, whereas females mobilise their resources to manage stressors. In both groups, a high level of meaningfulness of the work was an important component in maintaining health. Regarding using the SOC concept for understanding the process of maintaining health, our findings indicated that SOC is best considered context-specific and multidimensional.\nIn addition to good pre-mission health, the SOC components help prevent field assignment-related negative health effects in iHAWs. Our findings support the idea to compose gender-balanced teams of iHAWs to maintain and promote health. The findings can be used to develop or refine health conversation tools and SOC based health interventions to promote health and wellbeing and prevent ill-health among aid workers and other stress-exposed populations.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res, Paris, France.",
            "firstname": "Kaz",
            "initials": "K",
            "lastname": "De Jong"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "ARQ Centre of Expertise for the Impact of Disasters and Crises, Diemen, Netherlands.",
            "firstname": "Saara",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Martinm\u00e4ki"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "ARQ Centre of Expertise for the Impact of Disasters and Crises, Diemen, Netherlands.",
            "firstname": "Hans Te",
            "initials": "HT",
            "lastname": "Brake"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.\nARQ National Psychotrauma Centre, Diemen, Netherlands.",
            "firstname": "Rolf",
            "initials": "R",
            "lastname": "Kleber"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "ARQ Centre of Expertise for the Impact of Disasters and Crises, Diemen, Netherlands.",
            "firstname": "Joris",
            "initials": "J",
            "lastname": "Haagen"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Healthnet TPO, Amsterdam, Netherlands.",
            "firstname": "Ivan",
            "initials": "I",
            "lastname": "Komproe"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": "In addition to good pre-mission health, the SOC components help prevent field assignment-related negative health effects in iHAWs. Our findings support the idea to compose gender-balanced teams of iHAWs to maintain and promote health. The findings can be used to develop or refine health conversation tools and SOC based health interventions to promote health and wellbeing and prevent ill-health among aid workers and other stress-exposed populations.",
    "copyrights": "Copyright: \u00a9 2022 De Jong et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.",
    "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0276727\n10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114268\n10.1007/978-3-319-04600-6_2\n10.1093/heapro/dav071\n10.1136/jech.2005.041616\n10.1037/ort0000025\n10.3402/ejpt.v7.30933\n10.2466/pr0.1997.80.3c.1211\n10.1097/00005053-199702000-00006\n10.1080/13607860701368513\n10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30348-0\n10.1002/bs.3830190102\n10.1002/jts.22059\n10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd\n10.1037/0278-6133.26.1.96\n10.1097/NMD.0b013e31802f5dac\n10.1177/0886260515590125\n10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.09.006\n10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026670\n10.3109/09638237.2015.1057334\n10.1093/epirev/mxr026\n10.1002/jts.21764\n10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb00996.x\n10.1080/20008198.2018.1562839\n10.1093/heapro/das022\n10.1111/j.1471-6712.2010.00840.x\n10.1007/978-3-319-04600-6_12\n10.1093/heapro/daz057\n10.1186/s12888-020-02593-1\n10.1111/j.1467-9450.2008.00695.x\n10.1007/s11136-017-1733-z",
    "journal": "PloS one",
    "keywords": [],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2022-11-17",
    "pubmed_id": "36383538\n34365073\n37194550\n26208654\n16614325\n25265222\n27863536\n9246887\n9048702\n17694398\n18074253\n27856397\n4808738\n26606250\n28029643\n17209702\n17568293\n26088898\n12051575\n22688233\n17141468\n30842118\n26452755\n22180469\n23225036\n1393158\n30693079\n22692482\n21087293\n28590644\n31219568\n32393208\n18980600\n29124498\n24037742",
    "results": null,
    "title": "How do international humanitarian aid workers stay healthy in the face of adversity?",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788505cf87c0>"
}