{
    "abstract": "Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), often known as spontaneous miscarriages occurring two or more times in a row, is a reproductive disease that affects certain couples. The cause of RPL is unknown in many cases, leading to difficulties in therapy and increased psychological suffering in couples. Toll-like receptors (TLR) have been identified as crucial regulators of inflammation in various human tissues. The occurrence of inflammation during parturition indicates that Toll-like receptor activity in tissues related to pregnancy may play a crucial role in the onset and continuation of normal function, as well as in various pregnancy complications like infection-related preterm. TLRs or their signaling molecules may serve as effective therapeutic targets for inhibiting premature activity. At the maternal-fetal interface, TLRs are found in both immune and non-immune cells, such as trophoblasts and decidual cells. TLR expression patterns are influenced by the phases of pregnancy. In this way, translational combinations like epigenetics, have indicated their impact on the TLRs.Importantly, abnormal DNA methylation patterns and histone alterations have an impressive performance in decreasing fertility by influencing gene expression and required molecular and cellular activities which are vital for a normal pregnancy and embryonic process. TLRs, play a central duty in the innate immune system and can regulate epigenetic elements by many different signaling pathways. The potential roles of TLRs in cells, epigenetics factors their ability to identify and react to infections, and their place in the innate immune system will all be covered in this narrative review essay.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.",
            "firstname": "Kosar",
            "initials": "K",
            "lastname": "Babaei"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.\nUMR INSERM U 1122, IGE-PCV, Interactions G\u00e8ne-Environment En Physiopathologie Cardiovascular Universit\u00e9 De Lorraine, Nancy, France.",
            "firstname": "Mohsen",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Azimi Nezhad"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "BSC of Midwifery, Reproductive Health Research Center, Al-Zahra Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.",
            "firstname": "Seyedeh Nafise",
            "initials": "SN",
            "lastname": "Sedigh Ziabari"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.",
            "firstname": "Ebrahim",
            "initials": "E",
            "lastname": "Mirzajani"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.",
            "firstname": "Hossein",
            "initials": "H",
            "lastname": "Mozdarani"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Al-Zahra Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.",
            "firstname": "Seyedeh Hajar",
            "initials": "SH",
            "lastname": "Sharami"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Gynecology, School of Medicine, Alzahra Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.",
            "firstname": "Sara",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Farzadi"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.",
            "firstname": "Seyed Reza",
            "initials": "SR",
            "lastname": "Mirhafez"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Gynecology, School of Medicine, Reproductive Health Research Center, Alzahra Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.",
            "firstname": "Misa",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Naghdipour Mirsadeghi"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Cancer Research Center and Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.",
            "firstname": "Seyedeh Elham",
            "initials": "SE",
            "lastname": "Norollahi"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran.",
            "firstname": "Zahra",
            "initials": "Z",
            "lastname": "Saadatian"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Trauma Institute, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.",
            "firstname": "Ali Akbar",
            "initials": "AA",
            "lastname": "Samadani"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "\u00a9 2024 The Authors.",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35345\n10.1128/msystems.00306-21\n10.1128/iai.00194-19",
    "journal": "Heliyon",
    "keywords": [
        "Signaling pathway",
        "Therapy",
        "Toll-like receptors. recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL)"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2024-08-21",
    "pubmed_id": "39165943\n22215624\n11861602\n29049918\n20562835\n27350884\n24078692\n34342534\n31010815\n33718825\n36542830\n37384130\n32388215\n36101435\n37760825\n32796029\n31792623\n15790341\n32008671\n37010940\n31357391\n35690685\n32983111\n15383557\n33671616\n33101294\n16600383\n18424724\n36135172\n21097503\n32508811\n17239937\n36497193\n34745106\n32670078\n30594350\n17667860\n18713971\n33558324\n36313546\n32987677\n25528068\n28489914\n22406112\n26475697\n25687121\n21642294\n26644791\n23903286\n22014881\n27480842\n24784935\n26467330\n26346467\n24626804\n22192915\n36531663\n24562681\n23954867\n24769857\n25499308\n25926693\n35807118\n26984842\n24671265\n24702949\n23179239\n16838178\n36861642\n25989617\n35878937\n33835626\n30891627\n35962216\n36157881\n26037627\n36498901\n25154016\n32813090\n24695956\n29549233\n27419268\n36567345\n30794011\n29564127\n25033027\n30526181\n25685744\n30746336\n36710639\n27478768\n24975966\n33760145\n30588300\n37724255\n30384452\n28605668\n26135458\n26061487\n27326417\n24322345\n35121287\n27921411\n37577872\n24189965\n23292450\n28511457\n25864284\n26509178\n35573533\n24975965\n36585882\n23430227\n36360157\n33073655\n32380371\n37871552\n35163255\n23028054\n32866686\n29675486\n29503744\n38139181\n37107644\n24313777\n36817746\n35273099\n36125002\n35586052\n30643853\n36408626\n32368258\n33833397\n35776848\n36126383\n37595596\n29403496\n34685432\n25780888\n28600033\n26754761\n34805727\n37313600\n35078138\n36713400\n35118388\n34122414\n35445024\n31338337\n36213265\n26941097\n31354981\n37937078\n25944477\n30588778\n23714437\n27247128\n30382470\n28718528\n26328105\n31649732\n35900356\n33859667\n24221913\n35015293\n30397898\n34944700\n22036908\n31692293\n29980266\n27113031\n30454681\n31681430\n37550724\n38396220\n36611958\n35489470\n23269819\n30474562\n25982093\n27578043\n37880732\n33004415\n33331537\n34576333\n31551923\n34422832\n36656346\n31824426\n34778243\n36938311\n35212880\n34983269\n25682867\n25982203\n29402920\n36945044\n37218812\n24384042\n37396033\n37998377\n34262912\n22914091\n38367607\n37382786\n38337827\n27611906\n23516383\n28935703\n24334550\n28315713\n28151938\n36562947",
    "results": null,
    "title": "TLR signaling pathway and the effects of main immune cells and epigenetics factors on the diagnosis and treatment of infertility and sterility.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788501f698f0>"
}