{
    "abstract": "Gallium-based liquid metal alloys (GaLMAs) have widespread applications ranging from soft electronics, energy devices, and catalysis. GaLMAs can be transformed into liquid metal emulsions (LMEs) to modify their rheology for facile patterning, processing, and material integration for GaLMA-based device fabrication. One drawback of using LMEs is reduced electrical conductivity owing to the oxides that form on the surface of dispersed liquid metal droplets. LMEs thus need to be activated by coalescing liquid metal droplets into an electrically conductive network, which usually involves techniques that subject the LME to harsh conditions. This study presents a way to coalesce these droplets through a chemical reaction at mild temperatures (T \u223c 80 \u00b0C). Chemical activation is enabled by adding halide compounds into the emulsion that chemically etch the oxide skin on the surface of dispersed droplets of eutectic gallium indium (eGaIn). LMEs synthesized with halide activators can achieve electrical conductivities close to bulk liquid metal (2.4 \u00d7 10",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 730 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.",
            "firstname": "Stephanie F",
            "initials": "SF",
            "lastname": "Zopf"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 730 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.",
            "firstname": "Ram\u00f3n E S\u00e1nchez",
            "initials": "RES",
            "lastname": "Cruz"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Materials Science, Boston University, 730 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.",
            "firstname": "Chloe",
            "initials": "C",
            "lastname": "Kekedjian"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Materials Science, Boston University, 730 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.",
            "firstname": "Lu",
            "initials": "L",
            "lastname": "Ping"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 730 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.",
            "firstname": "Javier M Morales",
            "initials": "JMM",
            "lastname": "Ferrer"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 730 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.",
            "firstname": "Jean Paul Soto",
            "initials": "JPS",
            "lastname": "Aquino"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Materials Science, Boston University, 730 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.",
            "firstname": "Rongxuan",
            "initials": "R",
            "lastname": "Xie"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Materials Science, Boston University, 730 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.\nDepartment of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.",
            "firstname": "Xi",
            "initials": "X",
            "lastname": "Ling"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 730 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.\nDepartment of Materials Science, Boston University, 730 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.",
            "firstname": "J William",
            "initials": "JW",
            "lastname": "Boley"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Advanced Science published by Wiley\u2010VCH GmbH.",
    "doi": "10.1002/advs.202413116",
    "journal": "Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)",
    "keywords": [
        "catalysis",
        "chemical coalescence",
        "chemical sintering",
        "conductive inks",
        "emulsions",
        "hybrid 3D printing",
        "liquid metals"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2025-04-26",
    "pubmed_id": "40285615",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Self-Catalyzed Chemically Coalescing Liquid Metal Emulsions.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788505ade2f0>"
}