{
    "abstract": "Streptococcus pneumoniae infection is a major public health concern with high morbidity and mortality rates. This study aimed to evaluate the serotype distribution, antimicrobial resistance changes, clonal composition, and virulence factors of S. pneumoniae isolates causing pneumococcal disease in northeast China from 2000 to 2021. A total of 1,454 S. pneumoniae isolates were included, with 568 invasive strains and 886 non-invasive strains. The patients from whom the S. pneumoniae were isolated ranged in age from 26 days to 95 years, with those\u2009\u2264\u20095 years old comprising the largest group (67.19%). 19\u00a0F, 19\u00a0A, 23\u00a0F, 14, and 6B were the most common serotypes, of which 19\u00a0A and 19\u00a0F were the main serotypes of invasive and non-invasive S. pneumoniae, respectively. CC271 was the most common multilocus sequence type. Serotype 14 had the lowest expression of cbpA, rrgA, and psrP genes, but expression levels of 19\u00a0A and 19\u00a0F genes were similar. All isolates were sensitive to ertapenem, moxifloxacin, linezolid, and vancomycin but highly resistant to macrolides, tetracyclines, and cotrimoxazole. Simultaneous resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracyclines, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was common pattern among multidrug-resistant isolates. Non-invasive S. pneumoniae had higher resistance to \u03b2-lactam antibiotics than invasive strains. 19\u00a0A and 19\u00a0F were the main strains of penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae. The resistance rate of \u03b2-lactam antibiotics decreased from 2017 to 2021 compared to previous periods. Including PCV13 in the national immunization program can reduce the morbidity and mortality rates of pneumococcal disease effectively.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang, 110004, China.",
            "firstname": "Yiyun",
            "initials": "Y",
            "lastname": "Xu"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang, 110004, China.",
            "firstname": "Xiuzhen",
            "initials": "X",
            "lastname": "Zhou"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang, 110004, China.",
            "firstname": "Wei",
            "initials": "W",
            "lastname": "Zheng"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang, 110004, China.",
            "firstname": "Bing",
            "initials": "B",
            "lastname": "Cui"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang, 110004, China.",
            "firstname": "Chonghong",
            "initials": "C",
            "lastname": "Xie"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang, 110004, China.",
            "firstname": "Yong",
            "initials": "Y",
            "lastname": "Liu"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang, 110004, China. qinxs@sj-hospital.org.",
            "firstname": "Xiaosong",
            "initials": "X",
            "lastname": "Qin"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang, 110004, China. liujh@sj-hospital.org.",
            "firstname": "Jianhua",
            "initials": "J",
            "lastname": "Liu"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "\u00a9 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.",
    "doi": "10.1007/s00430-024-00797-w\n10.1056/NEJMoa1500245\n10.1093/trstmh/tru058\n10.1371/journal.pone.0027333\n10.1128/CMR.00024-15\n10.1093/cid/cix685\n10.1093/cid/cix446\n10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20122185\n10.1371/journal.pone.0082361\n10.1186/s12879-017-2880-0\n10.2147/IDR.S256663\n10.1038/nrmicro1871\n10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03183.x\n10.1128/spectrum.00546-22\n10.1016/j.micinf.2015.02.001\n10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.11.006\n10.1186/s13756-022-01115-w\n10.1016/S2589-7500(21)00077-7\n10.1128/Spectrum.00283-21\n10.3201/eid2811.211741\n10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104493\n10.1093/cid/ciab1014\n10.1080/21645515.2020.1747931\n10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.017\n10.1093/infdis/jir052\n10.3201/eid2808.212440\n10.1099/mgen.0.000636\n10.1186/s12889-016-2785-7\n10.1097/INF.0000000000001288\n10.1128/AAC.05658-11\n10.3389/fcimb.2019.00407\n10.3389/fcimb.2022.929483\n10.1128/IAI.01186-08\n10.1084/jem.20071168\n10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06796.x",
    "journal": "Medical microbiology and immunology",
    "keywords": [
        "Streptococcus pneumoniae",
        "Drug resistance",
        "Multilocus sequence typing",
        "Serological typing",
        "Vaccine coverage"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2024-07-02",
    "pubmed_id": "38954065\n26172429\n24781376\n22110628\n26085553\n29020171\n28903506\n23595388\n24349263\n29284419\n18340341\n20132250\n35938873\n25708671\n24389079\n35655272\n34045002\n34730410\n36220135\n36857965\n33065297\n21398395\n35876488\n34586054\n26830912\n27753771\n22232285\n31828048\n35967850\n19047408\n18166586\n19627498",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Serotype distribution, antibiotic resistance, multilocus sequence typing, and virulence factors of invasive and non-invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in Northeast China from 2000 to 2021.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x78850397a250>"
}