{
    "abstract": "People hospitalised for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have elevated incidence of diabetes. However, it is unclear whether this is due to shared risk factors, confounding or stress hyperglycaemia in response to acute illness.\nWe analysed a multicentre prospective cohort study (PHOSP-COVID) of people \u226518\u2009years discharged from NHS hospitals across the United Kingdom following COVID-19. Individuals were included if they attended at least one research visit with a HbA1c measurement within 14\u2009months of discharge and had no history of diabetes at baseline. The primary outcome was new onset diabetes (any type), as defined by a first glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) measurement \u22656.5% (\u226548\u2009mmol/mol). Follow-up was censored at the last HbA1c measurement. Age-standardised incidence rates and incidence rate ratios (adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, length of hospital stay, body mass index, smoking, physical activity, deprivation, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia/hypercholesterolaemia, intensive therapy unit admission, invasive mechanical ventilation, corticosteroid use and C-reactive protein score) were calculated using Poisson regression. Incidence rates were compared with the control groups of published clinical trials in the United Kingdom by applying the same inclusion and exclusion criteria, where possible.\nIncidence of diabetes was 91.4 per 1000 person-years and was higher in South Asian (incidence rate ratios [IRR]\u2009=\u20093.60; 1.77, 7.32; p\u2009<\u20090.001) and Black ethnic groups (IRR\u2009=\u20092.36; 1.07, 5.21; p\u2009=\u20090.03) compared with White ethnic groups. When restricted to similar characteristics, the incidence rates were similar to those in UK clinical trials data.\nDiabetes incidence following hospitalisation for COVID-19 is high, but it remains uncertain whether it is disproportionately higher than pre-pandemic levels.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Leicester Real World Evidence Unit, Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.",
            "firstname": "Freya",
            "initials": "F",
            "lastname": "Tyrer"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Leicester Real World Evidence Unit, Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.",
            "firstname": "Safoora",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Gharibzadeh"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Leicester Real World Evidence Unit, Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.",
            "firstname": "Clare",
            "initials": "C",
            "lastname": "Gillies"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Leicester Real World Evidence Unit, Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.",
            "firstname": "Claire",
            "initials": "C",
            "lastname": "Lawson"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Centre for Ethnic Health, Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.",
            "firstname": "Ash",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Routen"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "School of Primary Care, Population Sciences and Medical Education, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.",
            "firstname": "Nazrul",
            "initials": "N",
            "lastname": "Islam"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Leicester Real World Evidence Unit, Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.",
            "firstname": "Cameron",
            "initials": "C",
            "lastname": "Razieh"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Leicester Real World Evidence Unit, Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.",
            "firstname": "Francesco",
            "initials": "F",
            "lastname": "Zaccardi"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Leicester Diabetes Centre, Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.",
            "firstname": "Tom",
            "initials": "T",
            "lastname": "Yates"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Leicester Diabetes Centre, Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.",
            "firstname": "Melanie J",
            "initials": "MJ",
            "lastname": "Davies"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "The Institute of Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.",
            "firstname": "Christopher E",
            "initials": "CE",
            "lastname": "Brightling"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.",
            "firstname": "James D",
            "initials": "JD",
            "lastname": "Chalmers"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Centre for Medical Informatics, The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.",
            "firstname": "Annemarie B",
            "initials": "AB",
            "lastname": "Docherty"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "The Institute of Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.",
            "firstname": "Omer",
            "initials": "O",
            "lastname": "Elneima"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "The Institute of Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.",
            "firstname": "Rachael A",
            "initials": "RA",
            "lastname": "Evans"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "The Institute of Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.",
            "firstname": "Neil J",
            "initials": "NJ",
            "lastname": "Greening"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "The Institute of Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.",
            "firstname": "Victoria C",
            "initials": "VC",
            "lastname": "Harris"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Centre for Medical Informatics, The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.",
            "firstname": "Ewen M",
            "initials": "EM",
            "lastname": "Harrison"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "MRC Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.",
            "firstname": "Ling-Pei",
            "initials": "LP",
            "lastname": "Ho"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.",
            "firstname": "Alex",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Horsley"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Centre for Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.",
            "firstname": "Linzy",
            "initials": "L",
            "lastname": "Houchen-Wolloff"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.",
            "firstname": "Olivia C",
            "initials": "OC",
            "lastname": "Leavy"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Centre for Medical Informatics, The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.",
            "firstname": "Nazir I",
            "initials": "NI",
            "lastname": "Lone"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.",
            "firstname": "Michael",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Marks"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "The Institute of Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.",
            "firstname": "Hamish J C",
            "initials": "HJC",
            "lastname": "McAuley"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Asthma and Lung UK, London, UK.",
            "firstname": "Krisnah",
            "initials": "K",
            "lastname": "Poinasamy"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.",
            "firstname": "Jennifer K",
            "initials": "JK",
            "lastname": "Quint"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.",
            "firstname": "Betty",
            "initials": "B",
            "lastname": "Raman"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "The Institute of Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.",
            "firstname": "Matthew",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Richardson"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "The Institute of Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.",
            "firstname": "Ruth",
            "initials": "R",
            "lastname": "Saunders"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "The Institute of Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.",
            "firstname": "Marco",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Sereno"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.",
            "firstname": "Aarti",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Shikotra"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "The Institute of Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.",
            "firstname": "Amish",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Singapuri"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.",
            "firstname": "Louise V",
            "initials": "LV",
            "lastname": "Wain"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Leicester Real World Evidence Unit, Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.\nLeicester Diabetes Centre, Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.",
            "firstname": "Kamlesh",
            "initials": "K",
            "lastname": "Khunti"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": null,
            "firstname": null,
            "initials": null,
            "lastname": null
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": "Diabetes incidence following hospitalisation for COVID-19 is high, but it remains uncertain whether it is disproportionately higher than pre-pandemic levels.",
    "copyrights": "\u00a9 2024 The Author(s). Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.",
    "doi": "10.1111/dom.16071\n10.2174/0115733998294022240309105112",
    "journal": "Diabetes, obesity & metabolism",
    "keywords": [
        "cohort study",
        "population study",
        "real\u2010world evidence",
        "type 1 diabetes",
        "type 2 diabetes"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2024-11-20",
    "pubmed_id": "39563623\n34274064\n36639608\n35934007\n36215063\n36474804\n33306989\n34973396\n35459717\n37071420\n36418912\n36496030\n32530585\n39054034\n35325624\n35853019\n33887749\n37016490\n34625431\n34710063\n32334395\n32408118\n31024226\n37239895\n34627560\n11794168\n25136809\n32175717\n34166630\n35354642\n26440803\n39429158\n14726171\n31841286\n12164465\n15608799\n22039493\n27631769\n33782057\n26740346\n33136119\n35112782\n36380329\n36657086\n23298665\n22868366\n27824898\n38500280\n34938633\n22722952\n36857969\n24974975\n32021464\n28211609\n32236731\n34000238",
    "results": "Incidence of diabetes was 91.4 per 1000 person-years and was higher in South Asian (incidence rate ratios [IRR]\u2009=\u20093.60; 1.77, 7.32; p\u2009<\u20090.001) and Black ethnic groups (IRR\u2009=\u20092.36; 1.07, 5.21; p\u2009=\u20090.03) compared with White ethnic groups. When restricted to similar characteristics, the incidence rates were similar to those in UK clinical trials data.",
    "title": "Incidence of diabetes mellitus following hospitalisation for COVID-19 in the United Kingdom: A prospective observational study.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788503cea020>"
}