{
    "abstract": "Gray scale ultrasound has an important diagnostic role in native kidney disease. Low cost, absence of ionizing radiation and nephrotoxicity, short performance time, and repeatability even at the bedside, are the major advantages of this technique. The introduction of contrast enhancement ultrasound (CEUS) in daily clinical practice has significantly reduced the use of contrast enhancement computed tomography (CECT) and contrast enhancement magnetic resonance (CEMR), especially in patients with renal disease. Although there are many situations in which CECT and CEMRI are primarily indicated, their use may be limited by the administration of the contrast medium, which may involve a risk of renal function impairment, especially in the elderly, and in patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) and moderate to severe chronic kidney disease (CKD). In these cases, CEUS can be a valid diagnostic choice. To date, numerous publications have highlighted the role of CEUS in the study of parenchymal micro-vascularization and renal pathology by full integration with second level imaging methods (CECT and CEMRI) both in patients with normal renal function and with diseased kidneys. The aim of this review is to offer an updated overview of the limitations and potential applications of CEUS in native kidney disease.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, \"Cannizzaro\" Hospital, 95026 Catania, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Antonio",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Granata"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Radiology, \"Civile di Conegliano\" Hospital, ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, 31015 Conegliano, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Irene",
            "initials": "I",
            "lastname": "Campo"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, San Bassiano Hospital, 36061 Bassano del Grappa, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Paolo",
            "initials": "P",
            "lastname": "Lentini"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Francesco",
            "initials": "F",
            "lastname": "Pesce"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Loreto",
            "initials": "L",
            "lastname": "Gesualdo"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Radiology Unit I, Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \"GF Ingrassia\"-University Hospital \"Policlinico-San Marco\", University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Antonio",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Basile"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Radiology, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, \"Sapienza\" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Vito",
            "initials": "V",
            "lastname": "Cantisani"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, \"Carlo Urbani\" Hospital, 60035 Jesi, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Matthias",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Zeiler"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Radiology, \"Cattinara\" Hospital, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Michele",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Bertolotto"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": null,
    "doi": "10.3390/diagnostics11061058\n10.1055/s-2004-813245\n10.1055/s-2007-963785\n10.1055/a-0586-1107\n10.1055/s-0044-101254\n10.1002/1097-0096(200007/08)28:6<267::AID-JCU1>3.0.CO;2-P\n10.1159/000060076\n10.1007/s00330-002-1360-z\n10.2214/AJR.07.3546\n10.1007/s00330-007-0747-2\n10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2010.11.012\n10.1007/s10157-014-1040-8\n10.1148/radiology.158.1.3510019\n10.1148/radiol.2362040218\n10.1007/s00330-016-4631-9\n10.2214/AJR.09.3113\n10.1148/radiol.2431051924\n10.1007/BF02924597\n10.1055/a-1300-1727\n10.1148/radiol.2019182646\n10.2214/AJR.14.13375\n10.1016/j.cult.2013.07.003\n10.1016/j.ejrad.2018.05.015\n10.1016/j.rcl.2020.05.002\n10.2214/AJR.06.0920\n10.1007/s003300100861\n10.1002/jum.14335\n10.2214/AJR.07.3238\n10.7863/ultra.16.02061\n10.1111/1754-9485.13149\n10.1007/s00330-010-1742-6\n10.1007/s00261-011-9781-2\n10.1007/s00247-013-2818-7\n10.2214/AJR.05.0027\n10.1007/s11547-009-0444-0\n10.1155/2020/7145728\n10.1038/s41598-021-81690-x\n10.1007/PL00014069\n10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.12.008\n10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.03.019\n10.1016/j.addr.2010.10.002\n10.1681/ASN.2017060647\n10.18632/aging.202664",
    "journal": "Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)",
    "keywords": [
        "CEUS",
        "chronic kidney disease",
        "contrast-enhanced ultrasound",
        "microbubbles",
        "nephropathies",
        "renal disease",
        "ultrasonography"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2021-07-03",
    "pubmed_id": "34201349\n15300497\n18270887\n29510439\n29510440\n10867664\n11395914\n12136319\n18806171\n17851664\n21257092\n25351822\n3510019\n16040900\n27761710\n20729448\n17392251\n1897074\n0\n31210616\n25905962\n30017297\n32792125\n17449786\n11734947\n28755508\n23229529\n18806170\n27914172\n33547767\n20204642\n21792579\n24337787\n16632732\n19774445\n21427650\n32964041\n33479443\n10602924\n31941587\n29705522\n20946925\n28923914\n33714204",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Role of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in Native Kidney Pathology: Limits and Fields of Action.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788506014270>"
}