{
    "abstract": "This study aimed to analyse the potential factors affecting cognitive function, focusing on the functional level, by utilising longitudinal data from adults aged 45\u2009years and older.\nThis was a secondary data analysis using data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) covering multiple waves of the survey. Cognitive function was measured using the Korean mini-mental state examination (K-MMSE), and activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), diseases, hearing and visual impairments, and depression were included as independent variables. A fixed-effects model was used to assess the influence of independent variables on cognitive function over time.\nCognitive function, as measured using the K-MMSE, declined significantly, with the proportion of participants with normal cognition decreasing from 76% in the first wave to 68% in the eighth wave. Cognitive impairment and suspected dementia cases increased over time, and the average K-MMSE score dropped from 25.44\u2009\u00b1\u20095.31 to 24.71\u2009\u00b1\u20095.56. Panel regression analysis showed that impairments in ADL (b\u2009=\u2009-.44, p\u2009<\u2009.001) and IADL (b\u2009=\u2009-.64, p\u2009<\u2009.001), depression, and hearing and visual impairments were significantly associated with lower cognitive function. In addition, hypertension, cancer, heart disease, cerebrovascular accidents, psychiatric diseases and arthritis were significantly associated with cognitive decline. After adjusting for these factors, cognitive function still decreased significantly over time, explaining 75% of the variance in K-MMSE scores (R\nThis study confirmed that IADL and ADL predict cognitive impairment, with IADL limitation significantly contributing to cognitive decline in the study participants. Evaluating IADL, ADL, and other chronic health conditions in adults aged 45 and older can help identify individuals at risk for cognitive impairment.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "College of Nursing, Research Institute of AI and Nursing Science, Gachon University, Seoul, South Korea.",
            "firstname": "Hyeongsuk",
            "initials": "H",
            "lastname": "Lee"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "College of Nursing, Health and Nursing Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju-do, South Korea.",
            "firstname": "Eunok",
            "initials": "E",
            "lastname": "Park"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Australasian Journal on Ageing published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of AJA Inc\u2019.",
    "doi": "10.1111/ajag.70014\n10.1111/psyg.12056\n10.1017/S1041610217001636\n10.1093/arclin/acaa110\n10.21184/jkeia.2022.2.16.2.207\n10.1097/JNR.0000000000000149\n10.3389/fnagi.2022.872967\n10.3233/JAD-170778\n10.1016/s2213-8587(19)30405-x\n10.1016/j.clineuro.2019.02.015\n10.3390/ijerph18189889\n10.1186/s40695-020-00050-3\n10.5762/KAIS.2021.22.4.419\n10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6\n10.1080/13607863.2018.1534079\n10.1016/j.archger.2020.104034\n10.1093/gerona/glx235\n10.1002/acr.23243\n10.1016/j.jbspin.2021.105298\n10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2024.108015\n10.1186/s12877-024-05248-y\n10.1080/13607863.2018.1544214\n10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050817-084903\n10.1590/1413-81232022276.18382021\n10.1016/j.hjc.2022.07.005\n10.1155/2022/9871800\n10.3389/fepid.2023.1095236\n10.1186/s12877-022-02895-x\n10.1159/000513813\n10.1186/s12902-022-01055-x\n10.1186/s12902-020-00606-4\n10.1016/j.chest.2024.03.014\n10.1093/geronb/gbac163\n10.3390/bs13030212\n10.1016/S2666-7568(23)00257-6\n10.3390/ijerph192214844\n10.1371/journal.pone.0233688\n10.1186/s11556-024-00366-3\n10.3389/fragi.2024.1349520",
    "journal": "Australasian journal on ageing",
    "keywords": [
        "activities of daily living",
        "aged",
        "cognition",
        "comorbidities",
        "quality of life"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2025-03-07",
    "pubmed_id": "40051144\n25142381\n28829003\n33200196\n28481814\n35774111\n30103313\n32135131\n30798193\n34574812\n32158547\n1202204\n30588826\n32109693\n29244089\n28371512\n34656753\n39303868\n39107705\n30588839\n29345974\n35649015\n35839985\n36226270\n38455934\n35296238\n33626538\n35658946\n32843019\n38901488\n36625075\n36975236\n37924840\n36429562\n32470061\n25419345\n39716049\n38784681",
    "results": "Cognitive function, as measured using the K-MMSE, declined significantly, with the proportion of participants with normal cognition decreasing from 76% in the first wave to 68% in the eighth wave. Cognitive impairment and suspected dementia cases increased over time, and the average K-MMSE score dropped from 25.44\u2009\u00b1\u20095.31 to 24.71\u2009\u00b1\u20095.56. Panel regression analysis showed that impairments in ADL (b\u2009=\u2009-.44, p\u2009<\u2009.001) and IADL (b\u2009=\u2009-.64, p\u2009<\u2009.001), depression, and hearing and visual impairments were significantly associated with lower cognitive function. In addition, hypertension, cancer, heart disease, cerebrovascular accidents, psychiatric diseases and arthritis were significantly associated with cognitive decline. After adjusting for these factors, cognitive function still decreased significantly over time, explaining 75% of the variance in K-MMSE scores (R",
    "title": "Impact of functional level on cognitive function in adults aged 45 and older than 45\u2009years in the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788504e3d8f0>"
}