{
    "abstract": "The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of caffeinated chewing gum-induced sympathetic activation and diuretic effect on the rapid rate of weight loss in bodybuilders.\nFourteen current elite natural bodybuilding athletes (age: 26\u2009\u00b1\u20097 years old; BMI: 26.9\u2009\u00b1\u20097.1\u00a0kg/m\nThe urination volume (P\u2009=\u20090.040) and sympathetic activation were significantly higher in the CAF trial than in the PL trial during dehydration exercise (P\u2009<\u20090.05). Time to dehydration (P\u2009=\u20090.024) and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) score during exercise were significantly lower in the CAF trial than in the PL trial. There were no significant differences in heart rate and energy expenditure during dehydration exercise between the two trials (P\u2009<\u20090.05).\nThis study found that chewing caffeinated gum increased sympathetic nerve activity and accelerated dehydration in bodybuilders.\nThis study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (Date: 04/08/2024; ID \"NCT06431035\"; https://register.\ngov ).",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan.",
            "firstname": "Hou-Shao",
            "initials": "HS",
            "lastname": "Liu"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan.",
            "firstname": "Takashi",
            "initials": "T",
            "lastname": "Okada"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Research Institute for Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan.",
            "firstname": "Hiroku",
            "initials": "H",
            "lastname": "Mitsuya"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Physical Education, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.",
            "firstname": "Meng-Hung",
            "initials": "MH",
            "lastname": "Hsieh"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan.",
            "firstname": "Chien-Wen",
            "initials": "CW",
            "lastname": "Hou"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Exercise Health Science, National Taiwan University of Sport, No.16, Sec. 1, Shuang-Shih Rd, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.",
            "firstname": "Chih-Chun",
            "initials": "CC",
            "lastname": "Chang"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Exercise Health Science, National Taiwan University of Sport, No.16, Sec. 1, Shuang-Shih Rd, Taichung, 404, Taiwan. chiuch@ntus.edu.tw.",
            "firstname": "Chih-Hui",
            "initials": "CH",
            "lastname": "Chiu"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "\u00a9 2025. The Author(s).",
    "doi": "10.1186/s13102-025-01144-z\n10.3390/sports6040126\n10.1186/s13102-021-00296-y\n10.1186/1550-2783-11-20\n10.1186/s12970-015-0083-x\n10.1139/Y10-090\n10.1186/1550-2783-7-5\n10.1016/j.jsams.2014.07.017\n10.3389/fnut.2024.1359999\n10.1249/01.mss.0000178219.18086.9e\n10.1152/ajpregu.00386.2002\n10.1016/S0378-5173(01)00958-9\n10.1080/15502783.2024.2414871\n10.1080/15502783.2024.2340556\n10.1038/s41598-022-13387-8\n10.1186/s12970-019-0273-z\n10.1186/s12970-021-00413-9\n10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0405\n10.3390/nu16091256\n10.3758/BF03193146\n10.1055/s-2007-972593\n10.1080/03610911003650383\n10.1161/01.CIR.93.5.1043\n10.1249/JSR.0b013e31829a68cf\n10.1016/j.jsams.2017.03.017\n10.1080/02640414.2010.541480\n10.1007/s40279-018-0939-8\n10.1519/JSC.0000000000001662\n10.1007/s00421-018-3808-0\n10.1111/bjd.15808\n10.1111/j.1365-201X.2004.01305.x",
    "journal": "BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation",
    "keywords": [
        "Diuretic",
        "Endurance exercise",
        "Sympathetic nerve activity"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2025-04-27",
    "pubmed_id": "40287780\n30352979\n25949233\n21076499\n25154702\n39050139\n16331138\n11839447\n39390816\n39663645\n35661801\n30744654\n29584462\n38732503\n17695343\n9059904\n23851406\n28420550\n21279864\n29876876\n29356949\n28714085\n15329055",
    "results": "The urination volume (P\u2009=\u20090.040) and sympathetic activation were significantly higher in the CAF trial than in the PL trial during dehydration exercise (P\u2009<\u20090.05). Time to dehydration (P\u2009=\u20090.024) and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) score during exercise were significantly lower in the CAF trial than in the PL trial. There were no significant differences in heart rate and energy expenditure during dehydration exercise between the two trials (P\u2009<\u20090.05).",
    "title": "Effects of caffeinated chewing gum-induced sympathetic activation and diuretic effect on the rapid rate of weight loss in bodybuilders: a double-blind crossover study.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788506eddb70>"
}