{
    "abstract": "Despite improved hearing, children who receive cochlear implants (CIs) at a later age encounter difficulties in adapting to society, exposing them to psychological and social risks. This study contributes to the conceptualisation of preventive interventions in schools to address potential issues so that these children can play a more active role in society.\nA total of 52 children (aged 3-12 years) who received CIs at 30 months of age were assessed using the Asahide-Shiki Social Adaptive skills test, which evaluates children's social skills on four domains: (A) language, (B) everyday life, (C) social life, (D) communication.\nOverall, the average score of children who receive CIs at a later age was lower than that of their hearing peers. Pre-school children obtained statistically lower scores in all skills. While this general lag in skill development was no longer observed in the lower grades of elementary school, the upper-grade school children presented lower scores than their hearing peers, although only those pertaining to everyday and social life skills were statistically significant. Accordingly, the average scores were distributed in an inverted V shape among age groups.\nThese results suggest that children who receive CIs at a later age develop their social skills later than their peers with normal hearing in preschool, catch up to their peers in the 1st to 3rd grades, and then lag in the 4th to 6th grades. Accordingly, acquiring age-appropriate social skills in the upper grades remains a challenge for children who obtained CIs at the age of approximately 3, suggesting the need for intervention programs for school-age children even when they do not show significant language acquisition delays.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.",
            "firstname": "Kyoko",
            "initials": "K",
            "lastname": "Shirai"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Education, Faculty of Literature, Daito Bunka University, Tokyo, Japan.",
            "firstname": "Yusuke",
            "initials": "Y",
            "lastname": "Saito"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Faculty of Social Sciences, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, Japan.",
            "firstname": "Keiichi",
            "initials": "K",
            "lastname": "Satoh"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.",
            "firstname": "Ayako",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Tomizawa"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.",
            "firstname": "Naoko",
            "initials": "N",
            "lastname": "Nonami"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.",
            "firstname": "Sachi",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Maeda"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.",
            "firstname": "Nobuhiro",
            "initials": "N",
            "lastname": "Nishiyama"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.",
            "firstname": "Ryota",
            "initials": "R",
            "lastname": "Tomioka"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.",
            "firstname": "Kiyoaki",
            "initials": "K",
            "lastname": "Tsukahara"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": "These results suggest that children who receive CIs at a later age develop their social skills later than their peers with normal hearing in preschool, catch up to their peers in the 1st to 3rd grades, and then lag in the 4th to 6th grades. Accordingly, acquiring age-appropriate social skills in the upper grades remains a challenge for children who obtained CIs at the age of approximately 3, suggesting the need for intervention programs for school-age children even when they do not show significant language acquisition delays.",
    "copyrights": "\u00a9 2025 S. Karger AG, Basel.",
    "doi": "10.1159/000543716",
    "journal": "Audiology & neuro-otology",
    "keywords": [
        "Children",
        "Cochlear implant",
        "Communication skill",
        "Social adaptive skills test",
        "Social skill"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2025-01-24",
    "pubmed_id": "39848237",
    "results": "Overall, the average score of children who receive CIs at a later age was lower than that of their hearing peers. Pre-school children obtained statistically lower scores in all skills. While this general lag in skill development was no longer observed in the lower grades of elementary school, the upper-grade school children presented lower scores than their hearing peers, although only those pertaining to everyday and social life skills were statistically significant. Accordingly, the average scores were distributed in an inverted V shape among age groups.",
    "title": "Social Life and Communication Skills of School-Age Children with Congenital Hearing Loss Who Received Cochlear Implants at an Advanced Age.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788505aff920>"
}