{
    "abstract": "Opioid use disorder poses a substantial public health burden. While existing treatments have limitations in achieving long-term abstinence, deep brain stimulation (DBS) emerges as a promising alternative for patients with treatment-refractory addiction. The infralimbic (IL) region has been increasingly recognized by recent studies as a critical brain area involved in addiction, making it a potential target for novel treatments. This study investigates the efficacy of high- and low-frequency DBS within the IL in modulating extinction and reinstatement of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). After the morphine CPP was established (5\u202fmg/kg; sc), 30-min HFS or LFS session (130 or 10\u202fHz, 200\u202f\u03bcA, 60\u202f\u03bcs, respectively) was applied in the IL during two experimental paradigms: daily sessions during the extinction period or a single session prior to the reinstatement test. Following extinction, drug-seeking behavior was reinstated by a morphine priming dose (1\u202fmg/kg; sc). The results indicated that both HFS and LFS during extinction days significantly shortened the extinction duration and prevented the reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior. Furthermore, a single session of DBS prior to priming-dose administration showed that HFS significantly inhibited the reoccurrence of morphine-seeking behavior, while LFS failed to prevent the morphine-primed reinstatement. The results also demonstrated that receiving HFS during the extinction period is more effective in reducing the reinstatement of morphine-seeking behavior compared to that when used in a single session. In conclusion, this research indicates that DBS of the IL can influence addiction-related behaviors across a spectrum of frequencies. Additionally, the therapeutic effectiveness of DBS may vary depending on the timing of its application.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Cognition, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.",
            "firstname": "Masoud",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Seddighfar"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.",
            "firstname": "Zahra",
            "initials": "Z",
            "lastname": "Bahmani"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Cognition, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Basic Sciences, Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: Haghparast@sbmu.ac.ir.",
            "firstname": "Abbas",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Haghparast"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "Copyright \u00a9 2025. Published by Elsevier Inc.",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111383",
    "journal": "Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry",
    "keywords": [
        "Conditioned place preference",
        "Deep brain stimulation",
        "Extinction",
        "Infralimbic cortex",
        "Morphine",
        "Rat",
        "Reinstatement",
        "Reward"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2025-04-27",
    "pubmed_id": "40287084",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Infralimbic deep brain stimulation: The impact of frequency and timing on extinction and reinstatement of morphine-seeking behaviors in male rats.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x7885066e17b0>"
}