{
    "abstract": "Medical drones have potential for improving the response times to out-of-hospital emergencies. However, widespread adoption is hindered by unanswered questions surrounding medical dispatch and bystander safety. This study evaluated the impact of novel drone-specific dispatch instructions (DSDI) on bystanders' ability to interact effectively with a medical drone and provide prompt, safe, and high-quality treatment in a simulated emergency scenario. We hypothesized DSDI would improve bystanders' performance and facilitate safer bystander-drone interactions.\nTwenty-four volunteers were randomized to receive either DSDI and standard Medical Priority Dispatch (MPD) instructions or MPD alone in a simulated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) or pediatric anaphylaxis.,\nThe addition of DSDI did not lead to statistically significant changes to the overall time to provide care in either the anaphylaxis or OHCA simulations. However, DSDI did have an impact on bystander safety. In the MPD only group, 50% (6/12) of participants ignored the audio and visual safety cues from the drone instead of waiting for it to be declared safe compared to no DSDI participants ignoring these safety cues.\nAll participants successfully provided patient care. However, this study indicates that DSDI may be useful to ensure bystander safety and should be incorporated in the continued development of emergency medical drones.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "University of Michigan School of Nursing, 426 North Ingalls Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.\nEmergent Health Partners, LLC, 1200 State Circle, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA.",
            "firstname": "Emma E",
            "initials": "EE",
            "lastname": "Davidson"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "University of Michigan Medical School, 1515 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.\nDepartment of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.",
            "firstname": "Jason A",
            "initials": "JA",
            "lastname": "Correll"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.\nDepartment of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.",
            "firstname": "Adam",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Gottula"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.",
            "firstname": "Laura R",
            "initials": "LR",
            "lastname": "Hopson"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.\nUniversity of Michigan Medical School, 1515 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.",
            "firstname": "Thomas B",
            "initials": "TB",
            "lastname": "Leith"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Emergent Health Partners, LLC, 1200 State Circle, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA.\nCollege of Literature, Science and the Arts, University of Michigan, 500 S State St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.",
            "firstname": "Noor K",
            "initials": "NK",
            "lastname": "Majhail"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.",
            "firstname": "Emily J",
            "initials": "EJ",
            "lastname": "Mathias"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.",
            "firstname": "James M",
            "initials": "JM",
            "lastname": "Pribble"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.",
            "firstname": "Nathan B",
            "initials": "NB",
            "lastname": "Roberts"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Emergent Health Partners, LLC, 1200 State Circle, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA.\nCollege of Literature, Science and the Arts, University of Michigan, 500 S State St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.",
            "firstname": "Isabella G",
            "initials": "IG",
            "lastname": "Scott"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.",
            "firstname": "James A",
            "initials": "JA",
            "lastname": "Cranford"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.",
            "firstname": "Nathaniel",
            "initials": "N",
            "lastname": "Hunt"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.",
            "firstname": "Christine M",
            "initials": "CM",
            "lastname": "Brent"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "\u00a9 2024 The Author(s).",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.resplu.2024.100652\n10.3109/10903127.2015.1086846\n10.1080/10903127.2019.1676346\n10.3390/ijerph16101728\n10.1001/jama.2015.7938\n10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.09.002\n10.18043/ncm.80.4.204\n10.1161/circulationaha.116.026318\n10.3109/10903127.2015.1115932\n10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.03.012\n10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.028\n10.1056/NEJMc2200833\n10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.01.029\n10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.02.013\n10.1097/MEJ.0000000000000715\n10.5811/westjem.2015.6.26058\n10.1197/j.aem.2007.03.1353",
    "journal": "Resuscitation plus",
    "keywords": [
        "Anaphylaxis",
        "CPR",
        "Dispatch instruction",
        "Drone",
        "Epinephrine auto-injector",
        "Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2024-05-08",
    "pubmed_id": "38716383\n33080371\n30961651\n28724118\n34323113\n26807779\n31580176\n31100851\n30263137\n26197186\n26386371\n31278178\n28254836\n26852822\n33766669\n33631293\n35584161\n24525117\n22366353\n32925478\n34223334\n26587099\n29262126\n17541030\n32739849\n29349266\n29937585",
    "results": "The addition of DSDI did not lead to statistically significant changes to the overall time to provide care in either the anaphylaxis or OHCA simulations. However, DSDI did have an impact on bystander safety. In the MPD only group, 50% (6/12) of participants ignored the audio and visual safety cues from the drone instead of waiting for it to be declared safe compared to no DSDI participants ignoring these safety cues.",
    "title": "Impact of drone-specific dispatch instructions on the safety and efficacy of drone-delivered emergency medical treatments: A randomized simulation pilot study.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x7885052b2ca0>"
}