{
    "abstract": "Hormones play a significant role in supporting reproductive processes. Predisposition to metabolic disorders may result from biological alterations in the neurohormonal system, thus leading to impaired immune function and poor reproductive performance. The aim of this study was to determine the reproductive hormonal profile in cows with reproductive conditions in semi-arid areas of the North West Province, South Africa, to establish possible correlations between different conditions and the hormonal profile.\nBlood samples were collected from cows in different communal areas of Mafikeng. Convenience sampling was used to collect samples for the study. Blood samples were collected cows experiencing dystocia (n=50), retained placenta (n=13), downer cow syndrome (n=34), vaginal prolapse (n=16), and abortions (n=69), following cases reported at the Animal Health Hospital of the North-West University, Mafikeng Campus. Descriptive statistics, such as mean and standard deviations, were used to describe the distribution of hormone levels across reproductive conditions. p-value less than the significance level was set at 5% (p<0.05).\nData obtained revealed significantly higher estradiol in abortion (1122.99\u00b171.99 pg/ml), downer cow syndrome (781.32\u00b1135.7 pg/ml), and dystocia (862.09\u00b1123.44 pg/ml). Oxytocin (OT) differed significantly in cows with dystocia (370.50\u00b171.66 pg/ml) and abortion (574.73\u00b160.65 pg/ml). Significantly low progesterone (Pg) was observed in abortion (2.45\u00b11.509 ng/ml) and dystocia (8.59\u00b10.402 ng/ml) while increased prostaglandin alpha was observed in cows with vaginal prolapse and abortion.\nThe findings highlight an increase in serum estradiol and OT in aborting cows. Low Pg and estradiol in cows with vaginal prolapses and retained placenta were noted. An association was seen between downer cow syndrome and high concentrations of estradiol and Pg. Prostaglandin alpha may increase in cases of vaginal prolapse and abortion. Hormonal alterations were observed and may contribute to the incidences of different reproductive conditions.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mafikeng Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X 2046 Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.",
            "firstname": "K",
            "initials": "K",
            "lastname": "Molefe"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mafikeng Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X 2046 Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.",
            "firstname": "M",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Mwanza"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": "The findings highlight an increase in serum estradiol and OT in aborting cows. Low Pg and estradiol in cows with vaginal prolapses and retained placenta were noted. An association was seen between downer cow syndrome and high concentrations of estradiol and Pg. Prostaglandin alpha may increase in cases of vaginal prolapse and abortion. Hormonal alterations were observed and may contribute to the incidences of different reproductive conditions.",
    "copyrights": "Copyright: \u00a9 Molefe and Mwanza.",
    "doi": "10.14202/vetworld.2020.502-507",
    "journal": "Veterinary world",
    "keywords": [
        "cows",
        "hormones",
        "reproductive conditions"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2020-05-06",
    "pubmed_id": "32367956\n29175179\n23964927\n11566735\n23047016\n23149413\n27177962\n15225274\n18280065\n18481266\n24888645\n12763111\n29178632\n29331829\n19027173\n16226305\n17376815\n12935858\n17467787\n10402219\n15482753\n16303603\n11311416\n27368976",
    "results": "Data obtained revealed significantly higher estradiol in abortion (1122.99\u00b171.99 pg/ml), downer cow syndrome (781.32\u00b1135.7 pg/ml), and dystocia (862.09\u00b1123.44 pg/ml). Oxytocin (OT) differed significantly in cows with dystocia (370.50\u00b171.66 pg/ml) and abortion (574.73\u00b160.65 pg/ml). Significantly low progesterone (Pg) was observed in abortion (2.45\u00b11.509 ng/ml) and dystocia (8.59\u00b10.402 ng/ml) while increased prostaglandin alpha was observed in cows with vaginal prolapse and abortion.",
    "title": "Variability of serum reproductive hormones in cows presenting various reproductive conditions in semi-arid areas of the North West Province, South Africa.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788502544540>"
}