{
    "abstract": "Organophosphorus Nerve Agent, VX [(O-Ethyl S-diisopropylaminomethyl) methylphosphonothioate] compound interferes with acetylcholine signaling by targeting the AChE enzyme. Studies suggest that in nerve agents poisoning, non-cholinergic effects are also responsible for damage in peripheral tissues including long term damage in brain. Present study reports cholinergic and non-cholinergic effects of VX poisoning and their prevention by use of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in addition to conventional antidotes atropine sulphate and 2-PAM chloride as an antioxidant. NAC was chosen being an approved drug for medical conditions including oxidative damage and as mucolytic.\nResults of the study showed that after 1x LD \nit was found that use of antioxidant agent NAC along with standard atropine-oxime treatment is helpful in reducing the cholinergic and oxidative stress mediated toxicity induced by VX.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India.",
            "firstname": "Poorna",
            "initials": "P",
            "lastname": "Shri"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India.",
            "firstname": "K P",
            "initials": "KP",
            "lastname": "Singh"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India.",
            "firstname": "Varsha",
            "initials": "V",
            "lastname": "Rani"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India.",
            "firstname": "D P",
            "initials": "DP",
            "lastname": "Nagar"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Process Technology Development Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India.",
            "firstname": "J",
            "initials": "J",
            "lastname": "Acharya"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India.",
            "firstname": "A S B",
            "initials": "ASB",
            "lastname": "Bhaskar"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": "it was found that use of antioxidant agent NAC along with standard atropine-oxime treatment is helpful in reducing the cholinergic and oxidative stress mediated toxicity induced by VX.",
    "copyrights": "\u00a9 The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.",
    "doi": "10.1093/toxres/tfae223",
    "journal": "Toxicology research",
    "keywords": [
        "antidotes",
        "cholinergic crisis",
        "nac",
        "nerve agents",
        "non-cholinergic"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2025-01-20",
    "pubmed_id": "39830891\n29228398\n26339906\n23933009\n18424861\n27371936\n37239944\n31248646\n33029136\n29630210\n28717090\n24252804\n23123357\n10096843\n24174971\n22577546\n12796479\n31013638\n12531868\n17329844\n13677510\n31051153\n19136048\n26786042\n20020979\n38897728\n38618504\n31104238\n36810\n962076\n9918710\n23033686\n13726518\n28868333\n11080500\n8375692\n26694382\n37759691\n33339155\n12787816\n8560491\n18481316\n12030732\n33981177",
    "results": "Results of the study showed that after 1x LD ",
    "title": "N-acetylcysteine prevents cholinergic and non-cholinergic toxic effects induced by nerve agent poisoning in rats.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x78850409b3d0>"
}