{
    "abstract": "Understanding the impact of prior infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on the response to vaccination is a priority for responding to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In particular, it is necessary to understand how prior infection plus vaccination can modulate immune responses against variants of concern. To address this, we sampled 20 individuals with and 25 individuals without confirmed previous SARS-CoV-2 infection from a large cohort of health care workers followed serologically since April 2020. All 45 individuals had received two doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine with a delayed booster at 10 weeks. Absolute and neutralizing antibody titers against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and variants were measured using enzyme immunoassays and pseudotype neutralization assays. We observed antibody reactivity against lineage A, B.1.351, and P.1 variants with increasing antigenic exposure, through either vaccination or natural infection. This improvement was further confirmed in neutralization assays using fixed dilutions of serum samples. The impact of antigenic exposure was more evident in enzyme immunoassays measuring SARS-CoV-2 spike protein\u2013specific IgG antibody concentrations. Our data show that multiple exposures to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in the context of a delayed booster expand the neutralizing breadth of the antibody response to neutralization-resistant SARS-CoV-2 variants. This suggests that additional vaccine boosts may be beneficial in improving immune responses against future SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, University of Nottingham, A Floor, West Block, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.\nNIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.\nSchool of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, A Floor, West Block, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.\nDepartment of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.",
            "firstname": "Richard A",
            "initials": "RA",
            "lastname": "Urbanowicz"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, University of Nottingham, A Floor, West Block, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.\nNIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.\nSchool of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, A Floor, West Block, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.",
            "firstname": "Theocharis",
            "initials": "T",
            "lastname": "Tsoleridis"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Life Sciences Building, University Park Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.",
            "firstname": "Hannah J",
            "initials": "HJ",
            "lastname": "Jackson"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Life Sciences Building, University Park Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.",
            "firstname": "Lola",
            "initials": "L",
            "lastname": "Cusin"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, University of Nottingham, A Floor, West Block, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.\nNIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.\nSchool of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, A Floor, West Block, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.",
            "firstname": "Joshua D",
            "initials": "JD",
            "lastname": "Duncan"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, University of Nottingham, A Floor, West Block, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.\nNIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.\nSchool of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, A Floor, West Block, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.",
            "firstname": "Joseph G",
            "initials": "JG",
            "lastname": "Chappell"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, University of Nottingham, A Floor, West Block, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.\nNIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.\nSchool of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, A Floor, West Block, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.",
            "firstname": "Alexander W",
            "initials": "AW",
            "lastname": "Tarr"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Injury, Inflammation & Recovery Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, C Floor, West Block, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.\nTrauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospitals Nottingham, C Floor, West Block, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.",
            "firstname": "Jessica",
            "initials": "J",
            "lastname": "Nightingale"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.\nInjury, Inflammation & Recovery Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, C Floor, West Block, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.",
            "firstname": "Alan R",
            "initials": "AR",
            "lastname": "Norrish"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Injury, Inflammation & Recovery Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, C Floor, West Block, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.\nTrauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospitals Nottingham, C Floor, West Block, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.",
            "firstname": "Adeel",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Ikram"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Injury, Inflammation & Recovery Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, C Floor, West Block, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.\nTrauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospitals Nottingham, C Floor, West Block, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.",
            "firstname": "Ben",
            "initials": "B",
            "lastname": "Marson"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Injury, Inflammation & Recovery Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, C Floor, West Block, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.\nTrauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospitals Nottingham, C Floor, West Block, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.",
            "firstname": "Simon J",
            "initials": "SJ",
            "lastname": "Craxford"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.\nInjury, Inflammation & Recovery Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, C Floor, West Block, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.",
            "firstname": "Anthony",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Kelly"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.",
            "firstname": "Guruprasad P",
            "initials": "GP",
            "lastname": "Aithal"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.\nInjury, Inflammation & Recovery Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, C Floor, West Block, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.",
            "firstname": "Amrita",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Vijay"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Life Sciences Building, University Park Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.",
            "firstname": "Patrick J",
            "initials": "PJ",
            "lastname": "Tighe"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, University of Nottingham, A Floor, West Block, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.\nNIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.\nSchool of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, A Floor, West Block, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.",
            "firstname": "Jonathan K",
            "initials": "JK",
            "lastname": "Ball"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.\nInjury, Inflammation & Recovery Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, C Floor, West Block, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.",
            "firstname": "Ana M",
            "initials": "AM",
            "lastname": "Valdes"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.\nInjury, Inflammation & Recovery Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, C Floor, West Block, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.\nTrauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospitals Nottingham, C Floor, West Block, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.",
            "firstname": "Benjamin J",
            "initials": "BJ",
            "lastname": "Ollivere"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": null,
    "doi": "10.1126/scitranslmed.abj0847\n10.1101/2021.01.25.427948\n10.1101/2021.04.13.439482",
    "journal": "Science translational medicine",
    "keywords": [],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2021-08-12",
    "pubmed_id": "34376569\n33053279\n33378609\n33301246\n33220855\n33830018\n32702298\n33690265\n33112236\n33654292\n33617777\n33743213\n34127854\n30971703\n33880438\n34237284\n33524990\n9529153\n33640037\n34044428\n33931567\n33780970\n33851875\n33755375\n32927639\n33419936\n34130773\n33951357\n33705729\n35087066\n32991794\n33545094\n33766944\n34258322\n34278286\n33807957\n33408181\n33640038\n33895322",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Two doses of the SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 vaccine enhance antibody responses to variants in individuals with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788503b5db70>"
}