{
    "abstract": "Major depressive disorder (MDD) frequently results in suboptimal treatment outcomes and elevated recurrence rate, with patients frequently engaging in self-harm and suicidal behavior, thereby placing a heavy burden on families and society. Specifically, MDD in adolescents is linked to an elevated suicide risk. Thus, early identification and intervention is crucial for adolescents at high risk for developing MDD. Subclinical depression (SD), characterized by depressive symptoms that do not meet the full criteria for MDD, substantially increases the risk of developing MDD. According to Traditional Chinese Medicine body constitution theory, Qi-stagnation constitution (QSC) is also considered a significant risk factor for the progression to MDD. This study protocol aims to identify neuroimaging biomarkers for the progression from adolescents with SD and QSC to those with MDD, facilitating early intervention strategies.\nThis nested case-control study includes both longitudinal follow-up and cross-sectional comparison. Three hundred first-year senior high school students diagnosed with SD and QSC will be recruited. The 300 adolescents will undergo rs-fMRI scans at baseline and again after one year. We then divide the 300 adolescents with SD and QSC into two groups based on whether they progress to MDD after one year. Functional brain networks will be constructed based on 400 regions of interest (ROIs). Neuroimaging measures, including regional homogeneity and low-frequency fluctuation for each ROI, as well as graph-based global efficiency, nodal efficiency, and nodal centrality from the binary networks, will then be calculated. Finally, differences in these neuroimaging measures between the two groups at baseline will be analyzed to identify biomarkers that can predict the progression from adolescents with SD and QSC to those with MDD.\nThis study protocol does not involve clinical interventions and is classified as an observational study, so it was not subject to prior registration.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.",
            "firstname": "Jing",
            "initials": "J",
            "lastname": "Wang"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Radiology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Zhuhai, China.",
            "firstname": "Chengfeng",
            "initials": "C",
            "lastname": "Zhang"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Psychiatry, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Zhuhai, China.",
            "firstname": "Yueqi",
            "initials": "Y",
            "lastname": "Zhang"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Traditional Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Zhuhai, China.",
            "firstname": "Yuanyuan",
            "initials": "Y",
            "lastname": "Liu"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Prevention and Health Care, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Zhuhai, China.",
            "firstname": "Jingli",
            "initials": "J",
            "lastname": "Zhang"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Information, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Zhuhai, China.",
            "firstname": "Xingwei",
            "initials": "X",
            "lastname": "Fang"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Radiology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Zhuhai, China.",
            "firstname": "Wangyang",
            "initials": "W",
            "lastname": "Xia"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Radiology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Zhuhai, China.",
            "firstname": "Yanzhao",
            "initials": "Y",
            "lastname": "Xie"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.",
            "firstname": "Zhongli",
            "initials": "Z",
            "lastname": "Lan"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.\nKey Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.\nCenter for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.\nGuangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.",
            "firstname": "Jinhui",
            "initials": "J",
            "lastname": "Wang"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Hospital Office, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.",
            "firstname": "Min",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Lu"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Radiology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Zhuhai, China.\nDepartment of Radiology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.",
            "firstname": "Jun",
            "initials": "J",
            "lastname": "Chen"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "Copyright \u00a9 2025 Wang, Zhang, Zhang, Liu, Zhang, Fang, Xia, Xie, Lan, Wang, Lu and Chen.",
    "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1516846\n10.1186/1472-6882-12-255\n10.1002/ped4.12198\n10.1111/bjc.12333\n10.1177/20542704231197594\n10.1056/NEJMra2033475\n10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.024\n10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.00370.x\n10.1097/00004583-199902000-00011\n10.1016/j.jad.2018.08.010\n10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00301.x\n10.1017/S0033291718000557\n10.1007/s00127-012-0572-z\n10.3390/bs12110423\n10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101288\n10.3969/j.issn.006-2157.2021.09.010\n10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.08.009\n10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19050560\n10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.01.074\n10.5498/wjp.v14.i3.456\n10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1157587\n10.1016/j.bandc.2009.07.003\n10.1016/j.jad.2013.10.025\n10.1002/jmri.27270\n10.1136/bmj.e7586\n10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181a56606\n10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.07.061\n10.1097/00001888-200604000-00009\n10.1007/s11655-016-2740-6\n10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2018.00.320\n10.1186/s12888-019-2161-0\n10.1093/scan/nsac003\n10.3389/fnhum.2015.00386\n10.1002/mrm.1910350312\n10.1093/cercor/bhx179\n10.1148/radiol.2016152843\n10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.12.030\n10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.04.012\n10.1002/hbm.24007\n10.3389/fnhum.2016.00617\n10.1186/s12888-021-03292-1\n10.1016/j.jad.2022.08.128",
    "journal": "Frontiers in psychiatry",
    "keywords": [
        "functional magnetic resonance imaging",
        "major depressive disorder",
        "neuroimaging biomarkers",
        "qi-stagnation constitution",
        "subclinical depression"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2025-02-05",
    "pubmed_id": "39906680\n23241431\n32851354\n34569066\n37719088\n34320289\n27461914\n16033637\n9951211\n30130686\n15049768\n29530112\n22983663\n36354400\n33310625\n25444171\n32098488\n30716456\n38617984\n37091700\n19695759\n24268546\n32618061\n23303884\n19465876\n17919925\n16565188\n28028719\n31185948\n35156124\n26175682\n8699946\n28981612\n27541686\n15110032\n18501969\n29450940\n27994546\n34074266\n36057285",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Protocol for a nested case-control study: identifying neuroimaging biomarkers for the progression of subclinical depression and qi-stagnation constitution to major depressive disorder in adolescents.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788504835580>"
}