{
    "abstract": "Escala de Calidad de vida Osteoporosis (ECOS-16) was originally developed in Spanish to evaluate the quality of life (QoL) in post-menopausal women (PMW) with osteoporosis or osteopenia based on the osteoporosis-specific QoL instruments. ECOS-16 has been translated into several languages, but the Urdu version is not yet available.\nTo translate the ECOS-16 Questionnaire into Urdu and determine its validity and reliability in PMW with osteopenia.\nThis was a linguistic validity and reliability study. ECOS-16 was translated into Urdu using Beaton's guidelines. Content validity was examined using Waltz's four-point ordinal scale. Twenty osteopenia-afflicted PMW aged 48-70 underwent pilot testing for face validity. Discriminant validity was determined by an independent T-test between PMW women with and without osteopenia. Convergent validity was assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficient. Cronbach's alpha and Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1) assessed internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The factor analysis was used to describe the factors.\nEach question's content validity ratio (CVR) was 0.83-1.00, while the scale's S-CVR was 0.96. Each question's Likert scale content validity index (CVI) was 0.91-0.93, while the scale's S-CVI was 0.91. Significant discriminant validity was found between groups in weeks I and II (p-value < 0.001). A correlation coefficient of 0.89 and 0.96 (p-value < 0.001) between Urdu ECOS-16 total score and SF-36 and EQ-5D scores suggests convergent validity. One component explained 83.86% of Urdu ECOS-16's variance in factor analysis. Excellent test-retest reliability (ICC2,1 = 0.990, 95% CI, 0.985-0.994, p-value < 0.001). Cronbach's alpha for standardized items was 0.995.\nECOS-16 translated in Urdu is a valid and reliable questionnaire to assess QoL in PMW with osteopenia. It has a simple and easy language that can be understood easily by the Urdu-speaking population.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": null,
            "firstname": "Saima",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Riaz"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": null,
            "firstname": "Syed Shakil Ur",
            "initials": "SSU",
            "lastname": "Rehman"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": null,
            "firstname": "Danish",
            "initials": "D",
            "lastname": "Hassan"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": null,
            "firstname": "Sana",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Hafeez"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": "ECOS-16 translated in Urdu is a valid and reliable questionnaire to assess QoL in PMW with osteopenia. It has a simple and easy language that can be understood easily by the Urdu-speaking population.",
    "copyrights": null,
    "doi": "10.3233/BMR-230342",
    "journal": "Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation",
    "keywords": [
        "Bone diseases",
        "osteoporosis",
        "post-menopausal period",
        "quality of life",
        "spinal fracture"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2024-06-14",
    "pubmed_id": "38875027",
    "results": "Each question's content validity ratio (CVR) was 0.83-1.00, while the scale's S-CVR was 0.96. Each question's Likert scale content validity index (CVI) was 0.91-0.93, while the scale's S-CVI was 0.91. Significant discriminant validity was found between groups in weeks I and II (p-value < 0.001). A correlation coefficient of 0.89 and 0.96 (p-value < 0.001) between Urdu ECOS-16 total score and SF-36 and EQ-5D scores suggests convergent validity. One component explained 83.86% of Urdu ECOS-16's variance in factor analysis. Excellent test-retest reliability (ICC2,1 = 0.990, 95% CI, 0.985-0.994, p-value < 0.001). Cronbach's alpha for standardized items was 0.995.",
    "title": "Urdu translation, cross-cultural validation and reliability of ECOS-16 questionnaire among post-menopausal women with osteopenia.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788503f53f60>"
}