{
    "abstract": "Alarmins are a class of molecules released when affected cells damaged or undergo apoptosis. They contain various chemotactic and immunomodulatory proteins or peptides. These molecules regulate the immune response by interacting with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and play important roles in inflammatory response, tissue repair, infection defense, and cancer treatment. Spontaneous abortion (SA) is a common pregnancy-related disease, and its pathogenesis has been puzzling clinicians, so it needs to be further studied. In this paper, we first reviewed the research status of various alarmins and SA, focusing on the role of high mobility box 1 (HMGB1), interleukin33 (IL-33), interleukin1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) and S-100 protein (S100 protein) in immune response, inflammation, embryonic development and abortion. Subsequently, this paper summarized the effect of alarmins on pregnancy outcome by influencing angiogenesis-related factors. Finally, from the perspective of aseptic inflammation, the pro-inflammatory signaling pathways involved in various alarmins and their targeted drugs were reviewed. By focusing on specific molecules in alarmins and their receptors and signaling pathways, we can more accurately conduct drug research and development. The purpose of this review is to explore the role of alarmins in SA, and provide important references for early detection of abortion risk, revealing the disease mechanism, developing new therapies and improving the prognosis of patients.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China.\nNHC Key Laboratory of Study On Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.\nEngineering Research Center of Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China.",
            "firstname": "Qiqi",
            "initials": "Q",
            "lastname": "Zhang"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China.\nNHC Key Laboratory of Study On Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.\nEngineering Research Center of Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China.",
            "firstname": "Dandan",
            "initials": "D",
            "lastname": "Yang"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China.\nKey Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.",
            "firstname": "Xingxing",
            "initials": "X",
            "lastname": "Han"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China.\nAnhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Disorders and Obstetrics and Gynaecology Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China.",
            "firstname": "Yu",
            "initials": "Y",
            "lastname": "Ren"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China.\nBiopreservation and Artificial Organs, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.",
            "firstname": "Yongqi",
            "initials": "Y",
            "lastname": "Fan"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China.\nAnhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China.",
            "firstname": "Chao",
            "initials": "C",
            "lastname": "Zhang"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Clinical Medical, The First Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.",
            "firstname": "Lei",
            "initials": "L",
            "lastname": "Sun"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China.",
            "firstname": "Tingting",
            "initials": "T",
            "lastname": "Ye"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China.",
            "firstname": "Qiushuang",
            "initials": "Q",
            "lastname": "Wang"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Hefei Anhua Trauma Rehabilitation Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China.",
            "firstname": "Youhao",
            "initials": "Y",
            "lastname": "Ban"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China.",
            "firstname": "Yunxia",
            "initials": "Y",
            "lastname": "Cao"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China. hienjoyshine@aliyun.com.\nNHC Key Laboratory of Study On Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China. hienjoyshine@aliyun.com.\nEngineering Research Center of Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China. hienjoyshine@aliyun.com.",
            "firstname": "Huijuan",
            "initials": "H",
            "lastname": "Zou"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China. zzg_100@163.com.\nNHC Key Laboratory of Study On Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China. zzg_100@163.com.\nEngineering Research Center of Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China. zzg_100@163.com.",
            "firstname": "Zhiguo",
            "initials": "Z",
            "lastname": "Zhang"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "\u00a9 2024. The Author(s).",
    "doi": "10.1186/s40001-024-02236-1",
    "journal": "European journal of medical research",
    "keywords": [
        "Alarmins",
        "Immunity",
        "Inflammation",
        "Miscarriage",
        "Spontaneous abortion",
        "Treatment"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2025-01-01",
    "pubmed_id": "39741354\n15955682\n17032697\n8011301\n33915094\n32115183\n33303732\n19751318\n20367629\n24285824\n15383557\n23633414\n23388380\n35910867\n26403183\n26377917\n26961863\n15262105\n25339669\n22380678\n21088683\n20303872\n10952726\n14695889\n20622903\n35386038\n22580958\n27679863\n37246521\n32169518\n34243116\n35003098\n33944653\n25956264\n18836528\n21519352\n28484466\n16286016\n17623648\n32305537\n18827826\n20220570\n29247993\n34131922\n33819560\n30405626\n24151520\n36266986\n35244789\n35095557\n27026387\n29602154\n23300625\n21949719\n22841163\n32623850\n30526181\n36648484\n11857060\n12676010\n22285242\n32543660\n22719180\n10523409\n9834469\n30794283\n7506905\n17132473\n10380697\n10377182\n28103273\n29017513\n31270294\n29281611\n15866604\n23442095\n11211945\n33545613\n26955776\n36964416\n34538020\n34597501\n15322223\n11390274\n16683912\n11991838\n22834835\n30964086\n23850136\n25252120\n23290504\n34793556\n15191538\n15205318\n16738225\n22869607\n34654357\n26291820\n27304912\n30065265\n33917163\n36187124\n27831659\n15491060\n28275270\n28272721\n30614112\n24614130\n18726069\n24050030\n22827403\n21401634\n29345041\n27125694\n35990700\n36879064\n36387522\n34945193\n9274585\n11148193\n12749031\n16098864\n17416916\n22028446\n33578823\n29290545\n29039412\n28744285\n29324807\n17761954\n34126415\n19661270\n31293586\n22323467\n27159116\n16165218\n25297628\n14555685\n32383175\n31675482\n15644117\n19890065\n24344240\n22530772\n16264088\n30026524\n29248002\n35837232\n16613612\n10399917\n16709864\n25154907\n17579083\n17015746\n22544937\n22671429\n21843566\n37691930\n34995358\n36912957\n15268666\n19169963\n30382555\n9108479\n11952885\n38375029\n29973490\n33919512",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Alarmins and their pivotal role in the pathogenesis of spontaneous abortion: insights for therapeutic intervention.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788501d2d030>"
}