{
    "abstract": "Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a critical condition with diverse manifestations and variable outcomes. Its diagnosis traditionally relies on delayed indicators such as serum creatinine and urine output, making early detection challenging. Early identification is essential to improving patient outcomes, driving the need for novel biomarkers. Recent advancements have identified promising biomarkers across various biological processes. Tubular injury markers, including neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), N-acetyl-\u03b2-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), and liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP), offer insights into early tubular damage. Inflammatory and repair-associated biomarkers, such as interleukin-18 (IL-18), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), osteopontin (OPN), and C-C motif chemokine ligand 14 (CCL14), reflect ongoing injury and recovery processes. Additionally, stress and repair markers like tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-7 (IGFBP-7), alongside filtration markers such as cystatin C (CysC) and proenkephalin (PenKid",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China.",
            "firstname": "Hongsha",
            "initials": "H",
            "lastname": "Yang"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China.",
            "firstname": "Yanqin",
            "initials": "Y",
            "lastname": "Chen"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China.",
            "firstname": "Jiajia",
            "initials": "J",
            "lastname": "He"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Clinical Research Centre for Kidney Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.",
            "firstname": "Yi",
            "initials": "Y",
            "lastname": "Li"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Clinical Research Centre for Kidney Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China. fengyunlin@med.uestc.edu.cn.",
            "firstname": "Yunlin",
            "initials": "Y",
            "lastname": "Feng"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "\u00a9 2025. The Author(s).",
    "doi": "10.1186/s12882-025-04040-3",
    "journal": "BMC nephrology",
    "keywords": [
        "Acute kidney injury",
        "Biomarkers",
        "Early diagnosis",
        "Prognostic"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2025-03-06",
    "pubmed_id": "40045274\n22890468\n29114754\n34213593\n28239173\n31777389\n22113526\n33556265\n29405771\n29622549\n31439924\n38254682\n32709292\n39279017\n39256537\n36266588\n36928425\n32033818\n25568178\n28923914\n25170751\n32679151\n38076377\n30574501\n28409285\n27613644\n33712052\n32863790\n36521552\n20354549\n25797895\n36621362\n35034025\n35361160\n28665768\n38518851\n37971126\n38816205\n38046883\n36751625\n28110693\n25427083\n33892917\n21885792\n34584350\n27797887\n29058155\n32296020\n37652206\n33974569\n37012016\n31076519\n28190493\n32241110\n36259446\n24899123\n36545669\n39389468\n34865148\n31092735\n33125471\n30287518\n33122288\n37331957\n34059102\n35919538\n32025755\n37395276\n23968332\n31841263\n28223055\n30988153\n30220072\n30177549\n35949208\n32596235\n31995687\n30944246\n37404982\n34166766\n26613029\n27451287\n32276601\n26676905\n33305126\n39603491\n23715119\n34510856\n30179848\n39411289\n25237065\n35150348\n30032873\n33021646\n31202596\n33275197\n23472851\n29307055\n25154466\n23332602\n38269033\n32739920\n30450469\n30012641\n31779591\n33636859\n37821813\n27709557\n24158125\n39333590\n26940124\n39477814\n31268775\n28775000\n27788160\n36150522\n39115567\n31659853\n35440800\n32413402\n36823168\n35583867\n24005224\n28685874\n29069419\n25101270\n26407820\n38542410",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Advances in the diagnosis of early biomarkers for acute kidney injury: a literature review.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788500b7eb10>"
}