{
    "abstract": "Fractures of the proximal fifth metatarsal bone are common injuries in elite athletes and are associated with high rates of delayed union and nonunion. Structural features of the foot may increase fracture risk in some individuals, emphasizing the need for intervention strategies to prevent fracture. Although orthotic devices have shown promise in reducing fractures of the fifth metatarsal bone, the effect of orthosis on fifth metatarsal strains is not well understood.\nTo quantify the effects of different foot orthotic constructs on principal tensile strains in the proximal fifth metatarsal bone during cadaveric simulations of level walking. An additional purpose was to investigate the relationships between structural features of the foot and corresponding strains on the fifth metatarsal bone during level walking.\nControlled laboratory study.\nA total of 10 midtibial cadaveric specimens were attached to a 6 degrees of freedom robotic gait simulator. Strain gauges were placed at the metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction (zone II) and the proximal diaphysis (zone III) during level walking simulations using 11 different foot orthotic configurations. Images of each specimen were used to measure structural features of the foot in an axially loaded position. The peak tensile strains were measured and reported relative to the sneaker-only condition for each orthotic condition and orthotic-specific association between structural features and principal strains of both zones.\nIn total, 2 of the 11 orthotic conditions significantly reduced strain relative to the sneaker-only condition in zone II. Further, 6 orthotic conditions significantly reduced strain relative to the sneaker-only condition in zone III. Increased zone II principal strain incurred during level walking in the sneaker-only condition showed a significant association with increases in the Meary's angle. Changes in zone III principal strain relative to the sneaker-only condition were significantly associated with increases in the Meary's angle and fourth-fifth intermetatarsal angle.\nThe use of orthotic devices reduced principal strain relative to the condition of a sneaker without any orthosis in zone II and zone III. The ability to reduce strain relative to the sneaker-only condition in zone III was indicated by increasing values of the Meary's angle and levels of the fourth-fifth intermetatarsal angle.\nClinicians can use characteristics of foot structure to determine the proper foot orthosis to potentially reduce stress fracture risk in high-risk individuals.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.",
            "firstname": "Jeffrey W",
            "initials": "JW",
            "lastname": "Hoffman"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil.",
            "firstname": "Rogerio C",
            "initials": "RC",
            "lastname": "Bitar"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.",
            "firstname": "Nicholas",
            "initials": "N",
            "lastname": "Williams"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.",
            "firstname": "Brett D",
            "initials": "BD",
            "lastname": "Steineman"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.",
            "firstname": "Daniel R",
            "initials": "DR",
            "lastname": "Sturnick"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.",
            "firstname": "Glenn W",
            "initials": "GW",
            "lastname": "Garrison"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.",
            "firstname": "Constantine A",
            "initials": "CA",
            "lastname": "Demetracopoulos"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.",
            "firstname": "Mark C",
            "initials": "MC",
            "lastname": "Drakos"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.",
            "firstname": "Martin J",
            "initials": "MJ",
            "lastname": "O'Malley"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": "The use of orthotic devices reduced principal strain relative to the condition of a sneaker without any orthosis in zone II and zone III. The ability to reduce strain relative to the sneaker-only condition in zone III was indicated by increasing values of the Meary's angle and levels of the fourth-fifth intermetatarsal angle.",
    "copyrights": null,
    "doi": "10.1177/03635465221079652",
    "journal": "The American journal of sports medicine",
    "keywords": [
        "bone morphology",
        "dynamic gait simulation",
        "fifth metatarsal fracture",
        "orthosis",
        "proximal fifth metatarsal"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2022-03-19",
    "pubmed_id": "35302902",
    "results": "In total, 2 of the 11 orthotic conditions significantly reduced strain relative to the sneaker-only condition in zone II. Further, 6 orthotic conditions significantly reduced strain relative to the sneaker-only condition in zone III. Increased zone II principal strain incurred during level walking in the sneaker-only condition showed a significant association with increases in the Meary's angle. Changes in zone III principal strain relative to the sneaker-only condition were significantly associated with increases in the Meary's angle and fourth-fifth intermetatarsal angle.",
    "title": "Orthosis and Foot Structure Affect the Fifth Metatarsal Principal Strains During Simulated Level Walking.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788504bc3010>"
}