{
    "abstract": "In February 2022, the Ministry of Health received reports of more than 100 child deaths from a 'strange disease' in Namutumba District over a period of 6\u00a0months from politicians through the media. Preliminary investigations by the district rapid response team confirmed the strange disease to be severe malaria. The scope of severe malaria deaths was investigated, associated factors identified, and recommendations made for control measures to inform early malaria treatment strategies in Namutumba District.\nA retrospective study was conducted in March 2022 in the most affected subcounty (Ivukula Subcounty) involving cases and controls. A case was defined as a death with a positive malaria test, fever and any of the following: convulsions, difficulty breathing, yellowing of eyes or palms, tea-coloured urine, anaemia (evidenced by pale eyes or palms, or clinically-identified in medical records), loss of consciousness, or reduced urine output (very little or no urine in a day) in a child\u2009\u2264\u200912\u00a0years from September 2021 to February 2022 in Ivukula Subcounty, Namutumba District. Controls were survivors with the same signs and symptoms, recruited in a 2:1 ratio with cases. Cases and controls were actively searched using a door-to-door approach with the help of community health workers. Caretakers were interviewed to obtain data on signs and symptoms, socio-demographic information, health-seeking behaviours and health system risk factors. Drugs and bloodstock status information was obtained from health workers using an interview guide. Factors associated with death were identified using multivariate logistic regression and thematic analysis for qualitative data.\nAmong 46 cases, 29 (63%) were\u2009<\u20095\u00a0years, and 23 (50%) were female. Death among children with severe malaria was significantly associated with treatment non-completion (aOR\u2009=\u20099.7, 95%CI 1.8-53) and inability to receive blood transfusion for anaemic patients (aOR\u2009=\u20097.1, (95%CI 1.4-36). Healthcare workers reported that inability to reach referral sites due to transport costs, stockouts of anti-malarials and blood products at health facilities, and absence of integrated community case management of childhood illnesses (iCCM) contributed to deaths among children with severe malaria.\nLack of access to anti-malarial treatment and to blood transfusions among anaemic patients due to stockouts were associated with severe malaria deaths among children\u2009\u2264\u200912 years in Ivukula Subcounty. Recommendations made were: accurate quantification of anti-malarials for health facilities, offering transport support to severe patients referred to higher-level facilities, and increasing access to blood products. Activation of iCCM could facilitate public health efforts against severe malaria in the district.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda. mzalwango@musph.ac.ug.",
            "firstname": "Marie Gorreti",
            "initials": "MG",
            "lastname": "Zalwango"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda.",
            "firstname": "Brenda Nakafeero",
            "initials": "BN",
            "lastname": "Simbwa"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda.",
            "firstname": "Zainah",
            "initials": "Z",
            "lastname": "Kabami"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda.",
            "firstname": "Peter Chris",
            "initials": "PC",
            "lastname": "Kawungezi"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda.",
            "firstname": "Mercy Wendy",
            "initials": "MW",
            "lastname": "Wanyana"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda.",
            "firstname": "Rebecca",
            "initials": "R",
            "lastname": "Akunzirwe"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda.",
            "firstname": "Jane Frances",
            "initials": "JF",
            "lastname": "Zalwango"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda.",
            "firstname": "Saudah Namubiru",
            "initials": "SN",
            "lastname": "Kizito"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda.",
            "firstname": "Lawrence Emurion",
            "initials": "LE",
            "lastname": "Oonyu"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda.",
            "firstname": "Hellen Nelly",
            "initials": "HN",
            "lastname": "Naiga"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda.",
            "firstname": "Mackline",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Ninsiima"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda.",
            "firstname": "Brian",
            "initials": "B",
            "lastname": "Agaba"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda.",
            "firstname": "Robert",
            "initials": "R",
            "lastname": "Zavuga"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda.",
            "firstname": "Patrick",
            "initials": "P",
            "lastname": "King"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda.",
            "firstname": "Thomas",
            "initials": "T",
            "lastname": "Kiggundu"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Namutumba District Local Government, Namutumba, Uganda.",
            "firstname": "James",
            "initials": "J",
            "lastname": "Kiirya"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Namutumba District Local Government, Namutumba, Uganda.",
            "firstname": "Jeremiah",
            "initials": "J",
            "lastname": "Gombaniro"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda.",
            "firstname": "Richard",
            "initials": "R",
            "lastname": "Migisha"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda.",
            "firstname": "Daniel",
            "initials": "D",
            "lastname": "Kadobera"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda.",
            "firstname": "Benon",
            "initials": "B",
            "lastname": "Kwesiga"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda.",
            "firstname": "Lilian",
            "initials": "L",
            "lastname": "Bulage"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "National Malaria Control Division, Kampala, Uganda.",
            "firstname": "Jimmy",
            "initials": "J",
            "lastname": "Opigo"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda.",
            "firstname": "Alex Riolexus",
            "initials": "AR",
            "lastname": "Ario"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": "Lack of access to anti-malarial treatment and to blood transfusions among anaemic patients due to stockouts were associated with severe malaria deaths among children\u2009\u2264\u200912 years in Ivukula Subcounty. Recommendations made were: accurate quantification of anti-malarials for health facilities, offering transport support to severe patients referred to higher-level facilities, and increasing access to blood products. Activation of iCCM could facilitate public health efforts against severe malaria in the district.",
    "copyrights": "\u00a9 2024. The Author(s).",
    "doi": "10.1186/s12936-024-05111-w",
    "journal": "Malaria journal",
    "keywords": [
        "Malaria",
        "Malaria death",
        "Risk factors",
        "Severe malaria",
        "Uganda"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2024-09-28",
    "pubmed_id": "39334376\n34124867\n32228584\n22880123\n32700666\n34717809\n36269702\n33317487\n35078479\n20126547\n32552891\n30092043\n18564928\n29692306\n36841756\n21935464\n24663961\n24885420\n31415560\n24093219\n15115548\n16899130\n36217159\n30061962\n18165471\n9025694\n21390301\n9625925",
    "results": "Among 46 cases, 29 (63%) were\u2009<\u20095\u00a0years, and 23 (50%) were female. Death among children with severe malaria was significantly associated with treatment non-completion (aOR\u2009=\u20099.7, 95%CI 1.8-53) and inability to receive blood transfusion for anaemic patients (aOR\u2009=\u20097.1, (95%CI 1.4-36). Healthcare workers reported that inability to reach referral sites due to transport costs, stockouts of anti-malarials and blood products at health facilities, and absence of integrated community case management of childhood illnesses (iCCM) contributed to deaths among children with severe malaria.",
    "title": "Risk factors for death among children with severe malaria, Ivukula sub-county, Namutumba district, Eastern Uganda, september 2021-february 2022.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788504d148b0>"
}