{
    "abstract": "Background The increasing diversity in Germany's population necessitates the application of culturally sensitive medical care. Religious and cultural beliefs significantly influence patient behavior and healthcare decisions. However, healthcare providers often lack knowledge in cultural beliefs related to medical treatment, particularly regarding minority religions such as Islam, the second-largest religious group in Germany. Addressing these gaps through medical education is essential for fostering intercultural competence and improving patient-centered care. Objective This pilot study assesses the knowledge of German medical students and a multi-faith expert group regarding Islamic-ethical principles in healthcare. Furthermore, expert interviews across multiple religions (Islam, Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Bah\u00e1'\u00ed, Jainism) explore additional faith-based considerations in clinical practice. In this context, the study aims to (1) identify knowledge gaps concerning religiously informed healthcare preferences, (2) generate foundational insights to inform medical education and promote culturally sensitive, patient-centered care, and (3) offer an insight into religious beliefs related to healthcare as an integral part of culture.\u00a0 Methods For this pilot study, a custom multiple-choice (MC) questionnaire on Islamic-ethical principles was administered to 50 medical students (ST) and an expert group (E, n = 6) comprising clinicians and religious authorities from the aforementioned faiths. Additionally, qualitative interviews were conducted with each expert to gain deeper insights into religion-specific considerations relevant to medical care. Results The MC questions on dietary regulations and gender relations were mostly answered correctly (84% and 92%, respectively). However, overall, both students and experts demonstrated limited knowledge of Islamic-ethical principles in healthcare. This was reflected in the fact that students did not answer any of the related questions with complete accuracy, while experts achieved fully accurate responses in only 50% of the cases. The results of the interviews were summarized, providing a detailed comparison of eight categories influencing medical treatment across Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Judaism, Bah\u00e1'\u00ed, and Jainism. Conclusion Our study serves as an initial guide to fostering awareness and sensitivity in intercultural patient care in Germany. The complexity and diversity of interpretations within each faith, depending on personal and cultural preferences, have to be considered in personalized medicine.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, DEU.\n\"Advanced Clinician Scientist Programme\", Interdisciplinary Center of Clinical Research, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, DEU.",
            "firstname": "Aysun",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Tekba\u015f"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, DEU.",
            "firstname": "Arian",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Mauntel"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, DEU.",
            "firstname": "Utz",
            "initials": "U",
            "lastname": "Settmacher"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Tuebingen Institute for Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine Tuebingen, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, DEU.",
            "firstname": "Teresa",
            "initials": "T",
            "lastname": "Festl-Wietek"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Internal Medicine VI/Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Tuebingen University Hospital, Tuebingen, DEU.\nTuebingen Institute for Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine Tuebingen, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, DEU.",
            "firstname": "Anne",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Herrmann-Werner"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Philosophy, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, IND.",
            "firstname": "Bipin",
            "initials": "B",
            "lastname": "Doshi"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Institute for Diversity Medicine, Ruhr-University-Bochum, Bochum, DEU.",
            "firstname": "Marie",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "von Lilienfeld-Toal"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "Copyright \u00a9 2025, Tekba\u015f et al.",
    "doi": "10.7759/cureus.82932",
    "journal": "Cureus",
    "keywords": [
        "culturally sensitive care",
        "intercultural competencies",
        "medical education",
        "medical ethics",
        "personalized medicine"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2025-04-25",
    "pubmed_id": "40276625\n22007089\n18040996\n12968120\n29402110\n31338523\n27196687\n12394435\n25588205\n30186938\n26641876\n38681051\n36141273\n24185154",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Intersection of Religious Beliefs and Healthcare in Germany: A Guide to Integrating Religious Diversity in Medical Practice.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788506e67560>"
}