{
    "abstract": "To describe the surgical technique and clinical outcome of small ruminants treated for obstructive urolithiasis using a modified tube cystostomy (MTC) technique.\n15 goats and 2 sheep treated with an MTC between March 2018 and February 2023.\nAnimals were diagnosed with obstructive urolithiasis on the basis of history, physical examination, and ultrasonographic examination. An MTC was performed with sedation and a local block. Postoperative medical management was instituted to help reestablish urethral patency, and Foley catheters were removed after successful urination.\nAnimals were hospitalized an average of 3 nights (range, 0 to 14 nights). Complications included urine spillage in the abdomen and accidental deflation of the Foley balloon. Six animals were euthanized due to poor prognosis or failure to regain urethral patency. Foley catheters were removed an average of 15.7 days postoperatively in animals that regained urethral patency. Long-term (> 1-month) follow-up was available for 8 animals, with an average postoperative survival time of 19.4 months (range, 1 to 58 months). Four animals were lost to long-term follow-up.\nThis MTC technique is an effective means of catheterizing the urinary bladder in small ruminants. It can be performed under field conditions and serve as a standalone procedure for providing temporary urine egress. Patient size is limited by the length of the introducer, and an intact, distended urinary bladder and plan for reestablishing urethral patency are important considerations.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "1College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.",
            "firstname": "Rachel E",
            "initials": "RE",
            "lastname": "Oman"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "2College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.",
            "firstname": "Luis",
            "initials": "L",
            "lastname": "Rivero"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "3College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.",
            "firstname": "Leslie F",
            "initials": "LF",
            "lastname": "Weaver"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "1College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.",
            "firstname": "Katharine M",
            "initials": "KM",
            "lastname": "Simpson"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": null,
    "doi": "10.2460/javma.23.07.0427",
    "journal": "Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association",
    "keywords": [
        "cystostomy",
        "obstruction",
        "ruminant",
        "urinary",
        "urolithiasis"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2024-01-21",
    "pubmed_id": "38244281",
    "results": "Animals were hospitalized an average of 3 nights (range, 0 to 14 nights). Complications included urine spillage in the abdomen and accidental deflation of the Foley balloon. Six animals were euthanized due to poor prognosis or failure to regain urethral patency. Foley catheters were removed an average of 15.7 days postoperatively in animals that regained urethral patency. Long-term (> 1-month) follow-up was available for 8 animals, with an average postoperative survival time of 19.4 months (range, 1 to 58 months). Four animals were lost to long-term follow-up.",
    "title": "Modified tube cystostomy technique for management of obstructive urolithiasis in small ruminants: procedure and outcome in 17 sheep and goats.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788506cbd1c0>"
}