{
    "abstract": "Cortical oscillations serve as an index of both sensory and cognitive processes and represent one of the most promising candidates for training and targeting the top-down mechanisms underlying executive functions. Research findings suggest that theta (\u03b8) oscillations (3-7 Hz) recorded over frontal-midline electrodes are broadly associated with a number of higher-order cognitive processes and may serve as the mechanistic backbone for cognitive control. Frontal-midline theta (FM\u03b8) oscillations have also been shown to inversely correlate with activity in the default mode network (DMN), a network in the brain linked to spontaneous thought processes such as mind-wandering and rumination. In line with these findings, we previously observed increased FM\u03b8 oscillations in expert meditation practitioners during reported periods of focused-attention meditation practice when compared to periods of mind-wandering. In an effort to narrow the explanatory gap by directly connecting observed neurophysiological activity in the brain to the phenomenological nature of reported experience, we designed a methodologically novel and adaptive neurofeedback protocol with the aim of modulating FM\u03b8 while having meditation novice participants implement breath-focus strategies derived from focused-attention mediation practices. Participants who received eight sessions of the adaptive FM\u03b8-meditation neurofeedback protocol were able to significantly modulate FM\u03b8 over frontal electrodes using focused-attention meditation strategies relative to their baseline by the end of the training and demonstrated significantly faster reaction times on correct trials during the n-back working memory task assessed before and after the FM\u03b8-meditation neurofeedback protocol. No significant differences in frontal theta activity or behavior were observed in the active control participants who received age and gender matched sham neurofeedback. These findings help lay the groundwork for the development of brain training protocols and neurofeedback applications that aim to train features of the mental states and traits associated with focused-attention meditation.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.\nCentre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition (CerCo), Universit\u00e9 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.\nCNRS, UMR 5549, Toulouse, France.",
            "firstname": "Tracy",
            "initials": "T",
            "lastname": "Brandmeyer"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition (CerCo), Universit\u00e9 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.\nCNRS, UMR 5549, Toulouse, France.\nSwartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute of Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.",
            "firstname": "Arnaud",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Delorme"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "Copyright \u00a9 2020 Brandmeyer and Delorme.",
    "doi": "10.3389/fnhum.2020.00246\n10.1016/s0304-3940(01)02094-8\n10.1038/nature12486\n10.1177/155005940904000311\n10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.11.013\n10.1016/j.bandc.2011.03.017\n10.1016/j.conb.2011.01.004\n10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5580-10.2011\n10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00688\n10.1007/s00221-016-4811-5\n10.1073/pnas.0606552104\n10.1038/nn1233\n10.1016/j.neuron.2010.09.023\n10.1093/cercor/bhr332\n10.1016/j.tics.2014.04.012\n10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.04.003\n10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.12.072\n10.1016/j.tins.2014.06.004\n10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00030\n10.1038/nn.3940\n10.1073/pnas.95.24.14529\n10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009\n10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.11.004\n10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.142050\n10.1016/S1388-2457(03)00353-5\n10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00420\n10.3389/fnhum.2013.00453\n10.1007/s00787-017-1008-9\n10.1111/nyas.13740\n10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.02.039\n10.1038/nrn1607\n10.1016/j.tics.2005.08.011\n10.1038/nrn2787\n10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02208\n10.3758/s13415-015-0358-3\n10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02033.x\n10.1126/science.1252304\n10.1016/j.chc.2004.07.002\n10.1038/35094500\n10.1002/hbm.20842\n10.1016/j.neulet.2004.10.092\n10.3389/fnhum.2012.00038\n10.1037/0033-295X.109.4.679\n10.1038/nature02663\n10.1007/s00429-010-0289-2\n10.1002/hbm.20594\n10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.011\n10.1016/j.concog.2010.03.016\n10.1016/S0959-4388(01)00278-1\n10.1300/J184v04n01_02\n10.3389/fnhum.2013.00012\n10.1088/1741-2560/10/5/056014\n10.1073/pnas.1312902110\n10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.12.022\n10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.07.016\n10.1126/science.1131295\n10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.09.005\n10.1109/EMBC.2013.6609968\n10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.07.182\n10.1038/nature09042\n10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.06.008\n10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.06.010\n10.1093/cercor/bht050\n10.1016/S0006-8993(99)02310-0\n10.1146/annurev.psych.59.113006.095941\n10.1016/j.bandc.2012.02.006\n10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-014030\n10.1016/S0306-4530(99)00058-X\n10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.05.017\n10.1038/nrn2994\n10.1177/0963721414540167\n10.1016/j.bbr.2011.04.023\n10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.05.020\n10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00065-5\n10.1073/pnas.252521499\n10.1016/j.tics.2014.04.002\n10.1162/jocn_a_00110\n10.1038/4151030a\n10.1016/S0167-8760(00)00172-0\n10.1016/j.clinph.2013.05.020\n10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.10.018\n10.1016/j.learninstruc.2012.05.004\n10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.08.078",
    "journal": "Frontiers in human neuroscience",
    "keywords": [
        "EEG",
        "adaptive neurofeedback",
        "attention training",
        "frontal mid-line theta",
        "meditation"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2020-07-28",
    "pubmed_id": "32714171\n11524157\n24005416\n19715181\n24321363\n21546146\n21429736\n21451032\n9176952\n24109463\n27815577\n30732832\n17596341\n15114356\n21040841\n22120491\n24835663\n24787485\n21195774\n25034536\n21713190\n25664913\n9826734\n30639915\n30654311\n15102499\n17188898\n14744210\n25206041\n14706480\n25538585\n23950741\n28547119\n29754412\n25725466\n15685217\n16150631\n27604647\n20068583\n30534095\n25904238\n19207632\n24727982\n15564053\n11584306\n19569072\n15664124\n22403536\n12374324\n15184907\n21052715\n18570202\n18789964\n20385506\n11741027\n23408771\n23985960\n24167282\n16272874\n21168517\n17804025\n17234951\n18824212\n24110155\n22864258\n20407435\n17655980\n23773999\n23448872\n10650147\n17550344\n22463872\n25938726\n10737694\n17707538\n21331082\n21536076\n28003656\n23751914\n12597855\n12456882\n24816329\n21812570\n11875571\n11102669\n23827814\n24161723\n29060392\n20850552",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Closed-Loop Frontal Midline\u03b8 Neurofeedback: A Novel Approach for Training Focused-Attention Meditation.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788502eb3790>"
}