{
    "abstract": "A recent meta-analysis revealed that vagally mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV; a biomarker of emotion regulation capacity) significantly decreases in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. As two follow-up studies suggest, these vmHRV decreases are driven primarily by increased luteal progesterone (P4). However, analyses also revealed significant interindividual differences in vmHRV reactivity to the cycle, which is in line with longstanding evidence for interindividual differences in mood sensitivity to the cycle. The present study begins to investigate whether these interindividual differences in vmHRV cyclicity can explain who is at higher risk of showing premenstrual emotional changes. We expected a greater degree of midluteal vmHRV decrease to be predictive of a greater premenstrual increase in negative affect.\nWe conducted an observational study with a naturally cycling community sample (N\u2009=\u200931, M\u2009=\u200926.03\u00a0years). Over a span of six weeks, participants completed (a) daily ratings of negative affect and (b) counterbalanced lab visits in their ovulatory, midluteal, and perimenstrual phases. Lab visits were scheduled based on positive ovulation tests and included assessments of baseline vmHRV and salivary ovarian steroid levels.\nIn line with previous research, multilevel models suggest that most of the sample shows ovulatory-to-midluteal vmHRV decreases which, however, were not associated with premenstrual emotional changes. Interestingly, it was only the subgroup with luteal increases in vmHRV whose negative affect markedly worsened premenstrually and improved postmenstrually.\nThe present study begins to investigate cyclical changes in vmHRV as a potential biomarker of mood sensitivity to the menstrual cycle. The results demonstrate a higher level of complexity in these associations than initially expected, given that only atypical midluteal increases in vmHRV are associated with greater premenstrual negative affect. Potential underlying mechanisms are discussed, among those the possibility that luteal vmHRV increases index compensatory efforts to regulate emotion in those with greater premenstrual negative affect. However, future studies with larger and clinical samples and more granular vmHRV assessments should build on these findings and further explore associations between vmHRV cyclicity and menstrually related mood changes.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 W. Roosevelt Rd., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA. kschma2@uic.edu.\nInstitute of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine (ZPM), Heidelberg University Hospital, Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg, Bergheimer Str. 20, Heidelberg, 69115, Germany. kschma2@uic.edu.",
            "firstname": "Katja M",
            "initials": "KM",
            "lastname": "Schmalenberger"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 W. Roosevelt Rd., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.",
            "firstname": "Tory A",
            "initials": "TA",
            "lastname": "Eisenlohr-Moul"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm, 89081, Germany.",
            "firstname": "Marc N",
            "initials": "MN",
            "lastname": "Jarczok"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Institute of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine (ZPM), Heidelberg University Hospital, Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg, Bergheimer Str. 20, Heidelberg, 69115, Germany.",
            "firstname": "Ekaterina",
            "initials": "E",
            "lastname": "Schneider"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 W. Roosevelt Rd., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.",
            "firstname": "Jordan C",
            "initials": "JC",
            "lastname": "Barone"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Psychological Science, School of Social Ecology, University of California Irvine, 5300 Social and Behavioral Sciences Gateway, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.",
            "firstname": "Julian F",
            "initials": "JF",
            "lastname": "Thayer"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Institute of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine (ZPM), Heidelberg University Hospital, Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg, Bergheimer Str. 20, Heidelberg, 69115, Germany.",
            "firstname": "Beate",
            "initials": "B",
            "lastname": "Ditzen"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": "The present study begins to investigate cyclical changes in vmHRV as a potential biomarker of mood sensitivity to the menstrual cycle. The results demonstrate a higher level of complexity in these associations than initially expected, given that only atypical midluteal increases in vmHRV are associated with greater premenstrual negative affect. Potential underlying mechanisms are discussed, among those the possibility that luteal vmHRV increases index compensatory efforts to regulate emotion in those with greater premenstrual negative affect. However, future studies with larger and clinical samples and more granular vmHRV assessments should build on these findings and further explore associations between vmHRV cyclicity and menstrually related mood changes.",
    "copyrights": "\u00a9 2024. The Author(s).",
    "doi": "10.1186/s12905-024-03273-y\n10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.11.027\n10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.09.543\n10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.08.004\n10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.10.008\n10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.02.013\n10.3109/10253890.2015.1045868\n10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00338-4\n10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.004\n10.1056/NEJMra000471\n10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.09.004\n10.3390/jcm8111946\n10.3390/jcm9030617\n10.1017/S003329170800322X\n10.1056/NEJM199801223380401\n10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.03.016\n10.1017/S0033291719000849\n10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16101113\n10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.01.026\n10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6394-10.2011\n10.1080/03630242.2016.1206055\n10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006.00051.x\n10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a014868\n10.52082/jssm.2022.260\n10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104895\n10.18637/jss.v067.i01\n10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00467.x\n10.1007/s11031-011-9201-5\n10.1037/a0037509\n10.1016/j.psychres.2017.07.077\n10.1037/a0032725\n10.3389/fnins.2021.612566\n10.2147/IJWH.S341917\n10.1177/153537020222700709",
    "journal": "BMC women's health",
    "keywords": [
        "Menstrual cycle",
        "Negative affect",
        "Progesterone",
        "Vagally\u00a0mediated heart rate variability"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2024-08-09",
    "pubmed_id": "39118058\n26587729\n19910061\n26272488\n29079304\n23466587\n26004818\n27255891\n11163422\n18771686\n11821512\n24172649\n33098847\n31726666\n32106458\n18366818\n12892987\n9435325\n25837710\n31010447\n28427285\n25098348\n26896670\n21471363\n27355449\n16700687\n8737210\n35719238\n25505380\n33113391\n17076818\n25243414\n28783577\n23731433\n34054402\n35422659\n12094009",
    "results": "In line with previous research, multilevel models suggest that most of the sample shows ovulatory-to-midluteal vmHRV decreases which, however, were not associated with premenstrual emotional changes. Interestingly, it was only the subgroup with luteal increases in vmHRV whose negative affect markedly worsened premenstrually and improved postmenstrually.",
    "title": "Associations of luteal phase changes in vagally mediated heart rate variability with premenstrual emotional changes.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788505427b00>"
}