{
    "abstract": "The presence of cell-free DNA in spent embryo culture media (SECM) has unveiled its possible utilization for embryonic ploidy determination, opening new frontiers for the development of a non-invasive pre-implantation genetic screening technique. While a growing number of studies have shown a high concordance between genetic screening using cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and trophectoderm (TE), the mechanism pertaining to the release of cfDNA in SECM is largely unknown. This review aims to evaluate research evidence on the origin and possible mechanisms for the liberations of embryonic DNA in SECM, including findings on the self-correction abilities of embryos which might contribute to the presence of cfDNA. Several databases including EMBASE, PUBMED, and SCOPUS were used to retrieve original articles, reviews, and opinion papers. The keywords used for the search were related to the origins and release mechanism of cfDNA. cfDNA in SECM originates from embryonic cells and, at some levels, non-embryonic cells such as maternal DNA and exogenous foreign DNA. The apoptotic pathway has been demonstrated to eliminate aneuploid cells in developing mosaic embryos which might culminate to the release of cfDNA in SECM. Nonetheless, there is a recognized need for exploring other pathways such as cross-talk molecules called extracellular vesicles (EVs) made of small, round bi-layer membranes. During in vitro development, embryos physiologically and actively expel EVs containing not only protein and microRNA but also embryonic DNA, hence, potentially releasing cfDNA of embryonic origin into SECM through EVs.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.\nIRSI Research and Training Centre, Jakarta, Indonesia.",
            "firstname": "Nining",
            "initials": "N",
            "lastname": "Handayani"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia.",
            "firstname": "Daniel",
            "initials": "D",
            "lastname": "Aubry"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "IRSI Research and Training Centre, Jakarta, Indonesia.\nMorula IVF Jakarta Clinic, Jakarta, Indonesia.\nDepartment of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia.",
            "firstname": "Arief",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Boediono"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Faculty of Medicine, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.",
            "firstname": "Budi",
            "initials": "B",
            "lastname": "Wiweko"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "IRSI Research and Training Centre, Jakarta, Indonesia.\nMorula IVF Jakarta Clinic, Jakarta, Indonesia.\nDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Kristen Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.",
            "firstname": "Batara",
            "initials": "B",
            "lastname": "Sirait"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "IRSI Research and Training Centre, Jakarta, Indonesia.\nMorula IVF Jakarta Clinic, Jakarta, Indonesia.",
            "firstname": "Ivan",
            "initials": "I",
            "lastname": "Sini"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "IRSI Research and Training Centre, Jakarta, Indonesia.\nMorula IVF Jakarta Clinic, Jakarta, Indonesia.\nDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atmajaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.",
            "firstname": "Arie A",
            "initials": "AA",
            "lastname": "Polim"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Biological System (CEMBIOS) Research Group, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus FMIPA, Depok, UI, 16424, Indonesia.",
            "firstname": "Astari",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Dwiranti"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Biological System (CEMBIOS) Research Group, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus FMIPA, Depok, UI, 16424, Indonesia. alaksono@sci.ui.ac.id.",
            "firstname": "Anom",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Bowolaksono"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "\u00a9 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.",
    "doi": "10.1007/s10815-023-02813-z\n10.1097/01.GIM.0000160075.96707.04\n10.1016/S1472-6483(10)61057-7\n10.1159/000323500\n10.1093/hropen/hoaa021\n10.1111/ajo.12960\n10.1093/humrep/det314\n10.1016/j.rbmo.2013.02.012\n10.1073/pnas.1907472116\n10.1016/j.ajog.2020.04.035\n10.1093/humrep/deab042\n10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.10.015\n10.1093/humrep/dey028\n10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.02.002\n10.1016/j.rbmo.2017.03.015\n10.1016/j.rbmo.2022.01.012\n10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.05.031\n10.1093/humrep/deq139\n10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.07.1761\n10.1093/humupd/dmab016\n10.3390/jcm9061695\n10.1093/humupd/dmz050\n10.1038/s41556-021-00660-7\n10.1016/j.rbmo.2016.11.008\n10.1038/ncomms11165\n10.1093/humrep/deac238\n10.1016/j.cell.2016.03.023\n10.1038/s41586-019-1500-0\n10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07554.x\n10.1093/hropen/hoaa008\n10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.04.037\n10.1111/cpr.12657\n10.1073/pnas.1911710116\n10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.04.028\n10.1016/j.molmed.2020.01.012\n10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.04.020\n10.1016/S0093-691X(03)00254-1\n10.1016/j.theriogenology.2004.11.022\n10.1093/molehr/2.2.93\n10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.11.011\n10.1038/s41598-017-05549-w\n10.3390/ijms21218062\n10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.10.012\n10.1371/journal.pone.0034653\n10.1093/jmcb/mjt011\n10.1101/sqb.2016.81.030932\n10.1080/19396368.2019.1619858\n10.3390/cells10040819\n10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.10.021\n10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.09.284\n10.1073/pnas.98.4.1655",
    "journal": "Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics",
    "keywords": [
        "Apoptosis",
        "Cell-free DNA",
        "In vitro fertilization",
        "Spent embryo culture media",
        "niPGT-A"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2023-05-02",
    "pubmed_id": "37129724\n15834243\n17509208\n21252488\n32524036\n30811595\n23887072\n23557766\n31235575\n32470458\n33686429\n27865449\n29471395\n32417199\n28416168\n34128477\n35307298\n30316433\n20519247\n18829021\n34131722\n32498291\n32141501\n33837289\n27938863\n33023576\n27021558\n32528010\n36350568\n27062923\n31435013\n20136652\n32206731\n31042615\n31264311\n31575738\n26006737\n32359482\n21550043\n33254039\n14698063\n15955348\n9238664\n33303367\n35408927\n28701751\n33137955\n27751837\n22506041\n23580760\n28424339\n33118919\n31136209\n32117998\n33917426\n33454211\n11172006",
    "results": null,
    "title": "The origin and possible mechanism of embryonic cell-free DNA release in spent embryo culture media: a review.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x7885061c0590>"
}