{
    "abstract": "Feeding frequency has been shown to affect growth and body composition of the host associated with gut microbiota. It remains unknown whether adjusting feeding frequency could effectively regulate both skeletal muscle development and whole-body lipid metabolism and thus affect carcass composition and feed conversion efficiency. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effects of feeding frequency on muscle growth, fat deposition, cecal microbiota composition, and bile acid composition in finishing pigs.\nSixteen Sichuan-Tibetan black pigs, with an initial weight of 121.50 \u00b1 1.60 kg, were divided into two groups and fed either two meals (M2) or four meals (M4) per day. The trial lasted 30 days. The muscle fiber characteristics, lipid metabolism in adipose tissue, and cecal microbiota and bile acid composition were determined.\nThe present study revealed that pigs fed four meals exhibited a lower feed-to-gain ratio, abdominal fat weight, and average backfat thickness (\nOur research suggested that the M4 feeding pattern, compared to the M2 pattern, promoted muscle growth and reduced fat deposition by enhancing fast- to slow-twitch fiber conversion and myogenesis in the muscle and repressing lipid metabolism in adipose tissue, associated with altered microbiota composition and bile acid profiles.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China.",
            "firstname": "Luga",
            "initials": "L",
            "lastname": "Hu"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China.",
            "firstname": "Huayu",
            "initials": "H",
            "lastname": "Tang"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China.",
            "firstname": "Zhaoxi",
            "initials": "Z",
            "lastname": "Xie"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China.",
            "firstname": "Hongyu",
            "initials": "H",
            "lastname": "Yi"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China.",
            "firstname": "Lunjie",
            "initials": "L",
            "lastname": "Feng"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China.",
            "firstname": "Pan",
            "initials": "P",
            "lastname": "Zhou"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China.",
            "firstname": "Yong",
            "initials": "Y",
            "lastname": "Zhang"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China.",
            "firstname": "Jingbo",
            "initials": "J",
            "lastname": "Liu"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Feng Guangde Laboratory, Sichuan TQLS Group, Mianyang, Sichuan, China.",
            "firstname": "Xiang",
            "initials": "X",
            "lastname": "Ao"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Feng Guangde Laboratory, Sichuan TQLS Group, Mianyang, Sichuan, China.",
            "firstname": "Jianchuan",
            "initials": "J",
            "lastname": "Zhou"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China.",
            "firstname": "Honglin",
            "initials": "H",
            "lastname": "Yan"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": "Our research suggested that the M4 feeding pattern, compared to the M2 pattern, promoted muscle growth and reduced fat deposition by enhancing fast- to slow-twitch fiber conversion and myogenesis in the muscle and repressing lipid metabolism in adipose tissue, associated with altered microbiota composition and bile acid profiles.",
    "copyrights": "Copyright \u00a9 2025 Hu, Tang, Xie, Yi, Feng, Zhou, Zhang, Liu, Ao, Zhou and Yan.",
    "doi": "10.3389/fmicb.2025.1510354\n10.1002/mrm.26993\n10.1093/jas/skad349\n10.3390/ani12192557\n10.1080/21623945.2015.1025184\n10.1016/j.cmet.2014.11.001\n10.1080/10495398.2017.1358734\n10.3390/ani11092598\n10.1186/s40168-021-01110-0\n10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.03.003\n10.1079/bjn19980030\n10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-15-0406\n10.2527/1993.71123339x\n10.1093/jas/sky327\n10.1093/tas/txaa066\n10.1038/s41598-023-35430-y\n10.1016/s0309-1740(97)00063-6\n10.1038/ijo.2014.42\n10.5851/kosfa.2017.37.6.87\n10.3390/ijms20071581\n10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104558\n10.1126/science.1198363\n10.1126/scitranslmed.aan5662\n10.1177/002215540205000513\n10.1111/jpn.12636\n10.7554/eLife.81858\n10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083902\n10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.08.004\n10.3389/fmicb.2021.628685\n10.1038/s41598-021-90881-5\n10.1080/07853890.2021.1900593\n10.3923/pjn.2007.33.34\n10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.12.005\n10.1126/science.1241214\n10.1074/jbc.RA118.002733\n10.1111/febs.12253\n10.2527/jas.2010-3154\n10.1038/s41591-018-0222-4\n10.1186/s12986-018-0318-3\n10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108297\n10.1038/s41396-019-0367-2\n10.1016/j.cmet.2019.11.004\n10.3389/fnut.2021.675445\n10.2527/tas2016.0004\n10.1007/s00394-019-01928-3\n10.1038/srep31786\n10.3389/fmicb.2021.761210\n10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108919\n10.3390/ani9090675\n10.3389/fmicb.2022.1076123",
    "journal": "Frontiers in microbiology",
    "keywords": [
        "bile acids",
        "feeding frequency",
        "lipid deposition",
        "microbiota",
        "myofiber type transformation"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2025-02-12",
    "pubmed_id": "39935644\n29090480\n37813381\n36230298\n26451290\n25470547\n28846494\n34573564\n34419147\n26957037\n9536863\n26677213\n8294285\n30102377\n32705061\n37208541\n22062744\n24614098\n29725209\n30934845\n21436455\n31341063\n11967283\n28063249\n37039469\n33338390\n22062601\n33679652\n34045661\n33783283\n28041653\n24009397\n29773650\n23517348\n21934028\n30397356\n30479647\n32006744\n30728470\n31813824\n33928112\n32704624\n30747271\n27545196\n34712219\n34843934\n31547261\n36532493",
    "results": "The present study revealed that pigs fed four meals exhibited a lower feed-to-gain ratio, abdominal fat weight, and average backfat thickness (",
    "title": "Daily feeding frequency impacts muscle characteristics and fat deposition in finishing pigs associated with alterations in microbiota composition and bile acid profile.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788502f5ffb0>"
}