{
    "abstract": "To compare morphine with tramadol for the management of early postoperative pain following ovariohysterectomy after pyometra in dogs.\nProspective randomized blinded clinical trial.\nThirty female dogs, 2-14 years old.\nAnimals were randomly divided into two equal groups. Group 1 received 0.2 mg kg-1 of morphine IV and group 2 received 2 mg kg-1 of tramadol IV after the induction of anesthesia. The dogs were premedicated with acepromazine, and anesthesia was induced with intravenous midazolam and ketamine. Isoflurane was used for the maintenance of anesthesia. The variables measured were: analgesia; sedation; cardiac and respiratory rates; arterial blood pressure; end-tidal isoflurane and carbon dioxide (Pe'CO2); oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2); plasma catecholamines; serum cortisol and glucose concentrations; pH and blood gases. The animals were monitored for 6 hours after the administration of the analgesic agent.\nThere were no differences between the two groups with regard to analgesia, sedation, SpO2, pH and blood gases, cardiovascular variables, glucose, catecholamine and cortisol concentrations. Forty minutes postopioid administration, the end-tidal isoflurane concentration was significantly lower in the morphine-treated group as compared to the tramadol group. At 30 minutes following opioid injection, Pe'CO2 was significantly higher in the morphine group than in the tramadol group. Two dogs in the tramadol group and one in the morphine group were given morphine postoperatively because of increasing pain scores.\nMorphine and tramadol, administered preemptively can be used safely in dogs to control early pain after ovariohysterectomy without significant adverse effects.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Surgery Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnic, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil.",
            "firstname": "Sandra",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Mastrocinque"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": null,
            "firstname": "Denise T",
            "initials": "DT",
            "lastname": "Fantoni"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": null,
    "doi": "10.1046/j.1467-2995.2003.00090.x",
    "journal": "Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia",
    "keywords": [],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2003-08-20",
    "pubmed_id": "12925179",
    "results": "There were no differences between the two groups with regard to analgesia, sedation, SpO2, pH and blood gases, cardiovascular variables, glucose, catecholamine and cortisol concentrations. Forty minutes postopioid administration, the end-tidal isoflurane concentration was significantly lower in the morphine-treated group as compared to the tramadol group. At 30 minutes following opioid injection, Pe'CO2 was significantly higher in the morphine group than in the tramadol group. Two dogs in the tramadol group and one in the morphine group were given morphine postoperatively because of increasing pain scores.",
    "title": "A comparison of preoperative tramadol and morphine for the control of early postoperative pain in canine ovariohysterectomy.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x78850435f470>"
}