{
    "abstract": "Snacking among preschool aged children is nearly universal and has been associated with overconsumed nutrients, particularly solid fats and added sugars (SoFAS). This research examined caregivers' schemas, or cognitive frameworks, for offering snacks to preschool-aged children.\nA qualitative design utilizing card sort methods was employed. Participants were 59 Black, Hispanic, and White caregivers of children aged 3-5 years with low-income backgrounds. Caregivers sorted 63 cards with images of commonly consumed foods/beverages by preschool-aged children in three separate card sorts to characterize snacking occasions, purposes, and contexts. The mean SoFAS content (kcal/100\u00a0g) of foods/beverages was evaluated by snacking occasions (snacks vs. not-snacks), purposes, and contexts.\nJust under two-thirds (38/63 food cards) of foods/beverages were classified as snacks with moderate to high agreement. Snacks were offered for non-nutritive (e.g., requests, rewards) and nutritive (e.g., hunger/thirst) purposes in routine (e.g., home, school) and social contexts (e.g., with grandparents). Snacks offered for non-nutritive purposes and in social contexts were higher in SoFAS than those offered for nutritive reasons and in routine contexts.\nCaregivers of young children offered various types of foods/beverages as snacks, with higher SoFAS snacks given for non-nutritive purposes and in social contexts. Understanding of caregivers' schemas for offering snacks to young children may inform targets for obesity prevention and anticipatory guidance to promote the development of healthful eating behaviors.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "University of South Carolina, Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.",
            "firstname": "Christine E",
            "initials": "CE",
            "lastname": "Blake"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02445, USA; Boston College, School of Social Work, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, 115 McGuinn Hall, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA(1).",
            "firstname": "Kirsten K",
            "initials": "KK",
            "lastname": "Davison"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02445, USA; California State University, Long Beach, Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, 1250 Bellflower Blvd, Long Beach, CA, 90840-0501, USA(1).",
            "firstname": "Rachel E",
            "initials": "RE",
            "lastname": "Blaine"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Temple University, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Obesity Research and Education, 3323 N. Broad Street, Suite 175, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. Electronic address: jofisher@temple.edu.",
            "firstname": "Jennifer O",
            "initials": "JO",
            "lastname": "Fisher"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "Copyright \u00a9 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.appet.2021.105627\n10.2307/1129474\n10.3390/nu7075265\n10.1186/s12966-017-0593-9\n10.1016/s1499-4046(06)60342-4\n10.1016/j.appet.2007.03.009\n10.1016/j.appet.2008.05.062\n10.1016/j.appet.2014.11.005\n10.1111/ijpo.12220\n10.1186/s12966-018-0764-3\n10.1016/j.appet.2014.09.007\n10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.587.14\n10.1186/1479-5868-9-132\n10.1186/s12889-018-5576-5\n10.1016/j.appet.2016.11.003\n10.3390/nu11071440\n10.1016/j.appet.2019.104497\n10.1016/j.jand.2013.07.028\n10.1016/j.appet.2015.11.010\n10.1016/j.appet.2021.105169\n10.1016/j.jada.2011.05.007\n10.1111/mcn.12454\n10.1111/j.2047-6310.2013.00156.x\n10.3390/nu10020198\n10.1016/j.appet.2015.12.002",
    "journal": "Appetite",
    "keywords": [
        "Caregiver",
        "Children",
        "Food parenting",
        "Schema",
        "Snacking"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2021-08-15",
    "pubmed_id": "34389378\n26197335\n29096640\n14642213\n17512088\n18585416\n25447008\n28508580\n30654818\n25240637\n23157723\n29895277\n27818302\n31247959\n31669580\n24144074\n26585635\n33610639\n21802561\n28337856\n23554397\n29439472\n26689891",
    "results": "Just under two-thirds (38/63 food cards) of foods/beverages were classified as snacks with moderate to high agreement. Snacks were offered for non-nutritive (e.g., requests, rewards) and nutritive (e.g., hunger/thirst) purposes in routine (e.g., home, school) and social contexts (e.g., with grandparents). Snacks offered for non-nutritive purposes and in social contexts were higher in SoFAS than those offered for nutritive reasons and in routine contexts.",
    "title": "Occasions, purposes, and contexts for offering snacks to preschool-aged children: Schemas of caregivers with low-income backgrounds.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788506e5f010>"
}