{
    "abstract": "A minimally invasive \"continuous nicotine monitor\" (CNM) would resolve the dynamic nicotine concentration, [nicotine]t, faced by high-sensitivity nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) during and after nicotine intake by individual subjects. Motivations: \"Know the potential enemy at an individual level\". Smoking or vaping produces an initial \"bolus\" of nicotine in the blood and brain, lasting ~5\u00a0min with a peak concentration of ~ 100-200\u00a0nM. The bolus largely governs reinforcement, reward, and cognitive enhancement. A prolonged declining phase of [nicotine], with a half-time of 1 to 4\u00a0h, largely suppresses withdrawal symptoms and governs the known cell biology of addiction. Next, \"Know the potential therapy\", because individual [nicotine]t records will be useful during research on the effectiveness of nicotine replacement therapy. Finally, \"Know the physiology\". The only three known effects on nAChRs in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at the relevant [nicotine]t are activation, desensitization, and chaperoning/upregulation. Therefore, additional mechanistic insights will arise from correlating [nicotine]t with readily measurable physiological data on those effects in molecular, cellular, and brain slice systems and animal models. Interstitial fluid is the appropriate compartment for a CNM. The molecular sensor technology could employ fluorescence, as shown by progress on measuring [nicotine]t with improved variants of intensity-based nicotine-sensing fluorescent reporters (iNicSnFRs). Electrochemical measurements of [nicotine]t may also be possible. Studies like Population Assessment of Tobacco Health would contextualize [nicotine]t measurements during each subject's ad libitum nicotine intake, hopefully at a cost < $100 for a 24-hour record. The collaborative research agenda culminating in a CNM must use public funding.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125 USA.",
            "firstname": "Aaron L",
            "initials": "AL",
            "lastname": "Nichols"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125 USA.",
            "firstname": "Christopher B",
            "initials": "CB",
            "lastname": "Marotta"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125 USA.",
            "firstname": "Heather L",
            "initials": "HL",
            "lastname": "Lukas"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125 USA.",
            "firstname": "Nicholas J",
            "initials": "NJ",
            "lastname": "Friesenhahn"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125 USA.",
            "firstname": "Daniel",
            "initials": "D",
            "lastname": "Wagenaar"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125 USA.",
            "firstname": "Stephen L",
            "initials": "SL",
            "lastname": "Mayo"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125 USA.",
            "firstname": "Dennis A",
            "initials": "DA",
            "lastname": "Dougherty"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA.",
            "firstname": "Neal",
            "initials": "N",
            "lastname": "Benowitz"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125 USA.",
            "firstname": "Wei",
            "initials": "W",
            "lastname": "Gao"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125 USA.\nDivision of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125 USA.\nConvergent Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.",
            "firstname": "Anand K",
            "initials": "AK",
            "lastname": "Muthusamy"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125 USA.",
            "firstname": "Henry A",
            "initials": "HA",
            "lastname": "Lester"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "\u00a9 The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site\u2014for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.",
    "doi": "10.1093/ntr/ntaf062",
    "journal": "Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco",
    "keywords": [
        "CYP2A6",
        "Monitoring",
        "Nicotine",
        "Pharmacokinetics",
        "Sensors",
        "nicotinic receptors"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2025-03-13",
    "pubmed_id": "40079271",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Continuous Nicotine Monitors for Personal Nicotine Pharmacokinetics: A Receptor-Aware Research Agenda.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788502cc0860>"
}