{
    "abstract": "Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) theory posits that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) characterized by Qi and Yin deficiency, is associated with elevated blood lipid levels. The Xinmaitong formula (XMT) is a folk remedy believed to lower blood lipid levels. However, the functional components and molecular mechanisms through which XMT exerts its anti-diabetic effects remain to be elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and potential mechanisms of XMT in the treatment of T2DM, focusing on the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) signaling pathway.\nA TCM formula that promotes GLP-1R expression was screened using a GLP-1R promoter-dependent luciferase reporter gene vector (PGL3-GLP-1R-luc). The T2DM mouse model was established using a high-fat diet and streptozotocin (STZ). Blood glucose levels were measured using a glucometer and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Serum biochemical parameters and insulin levels were also assessed. Organ pathology in mice was evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Immunofluorescence (IF) was employed to observe changes in insulin and GLP-1R expression in the pancreas of mice. The effects of medicated serum on Min6 cell growth were examined using a methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. A Min6 cell injury model was established to detect cAMP and Ca\nLuciferase reporter constructs driven by GLP-1R promoter response elements analysis identified that TCM formula XMT promoted GLP-1R expression. \nXMT exerts hypoglycemic effects by upregulating GLP-1R gene expression, enhancing GLP-1R protein synthesis, and subsequently promoting cAMP release. This process activates Ca",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.\nNatural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.\nSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.",
            "firstname": "Weidong",
            "initials": "W",
            "lastname": "Pu"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.\nNatural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.\nSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.",
            "firstname": "Yang",
            "initials": "Y",
            "lastname": "Pan"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.\nNatural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.\nSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.",
            "firstname": "Kang",
            "initials": "K",
            "lastname": "Yang"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.\nNatural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.\nSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.",
            "firstname": "Jian",
            "initials": "J",
            "lastname": "Gao"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.\nNatural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.\nSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.",
            "firstname": "Fen",
            "initials": "F",
            "lastname": "Tian"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.\nNatural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.",
            "firstname": "Jingrui",
            "initials": "J",
            "lastname": "Song"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.\nNatural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.",
            "firstname": "Yubing",
            "initials": "Y",
            "lastname": "Huang"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.\nNatural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.\nSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.",
            "firstname": "Yanmei",
            "initials": "Y",
            "lastname": "Li"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": "XMT exerts hypoglycemic effects by upregulating GLP-1R gene expression, enhancing GLP-1R protein synthesis, and subsequently promoting cAMP release. This process activates Ca",
    "copyrights": "Copyright \u00a9 2025 Pu, Pan, Yang, Gao, Tian, Song, Huang and Li.",
    "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2025.1575450\n10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103627\n10.1007/s12325-018-0694-0\n10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114337\n10.1016/j.phymed.2024.156151\n10.3389/fcimb.2023.1069954\n10.1038/s41598-022-25428-3\n10.1016/j.lfs.2005.05.101\n10.7748/ns.2021.e11709\n10.1016/j.jep.2016.07.024\n10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114130\n10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.12.015\n10.1016/j.jep.2023.116836\n10.1038/s41574-019-0160-3\n10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20211223.501\n10.3390/ijms20051227\n10.3389/fimmu.2018.02785\n10.3803/EnM.2021.1293\n10.1111/dom.15526\n10.3390/ijms241210289\n10.3389/fendo.2022.1043789\n10.1038/s41574-020-0381-5\n10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154892\n10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112908\n10.1136/bmjdrc-2022-003218\n10.1016/j.molmet.2019.09.010\n10.1080/13880209.2024.2374794\n10.3389/fnut.2022.892426\n10.1016/j.jep.2020.112842\n10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102152\n10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155106\n10.1152/physrev.00008.2017\n10.1038/s41574-022-00757-5\n10.1016/j.mce.2023.112029\n10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115830\n10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109119\n10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154733\n10.3389/fendo.2023.1275835\n10.3390/molecules28020751\n10.1007/s11695-021-05789-w\n10.3389/fphar.2023.1228722\n10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02058\n10.1016/j.jep.2024.119170\n10.1142/s0192415x24500113\n10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113785\n10.3390/biom12121785\n10.3389/fendo.2021.721135\n10.1038/nrendo.2017.151\n10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101633",
    "journal": "Frontiers in pharmacology",
    "keywords": [
        "Ca2+",
        "GLP-1R",
        "T2DM",
        "Xinmaitong formula",
        "cAMP"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2025-04-24",
    "pubmed_id": "40271065\n37224995\n29777519\n36812715\n39437686\n36794003\n36596838\n16182318\n34708622\n27401286\n38714289\n29229531\n37406748\n30683897\n35534266\n30862092\n30546365\n35144334\n38425186\n37373436\n36568085\n32690918\n34563556\n35367764\n38413177\n31767182\n39028269\n35634373\n32333952\n37852560\n37797432\n29212789\n36289368\n37495090\n37748666\n34879977\n36870307\n38144558\n36677809\n34813039\n37469873\n32456438\n39615770\n38351702\n31887289\n36551213\n34497589\n29219149\n36356832",
    "results": "Luciferase reporter constructs driven by GLP-1R promoter response elements analysis identified that TCM formula XMT promoted GLP-1R expression. ",
    "title": "Therapeutic effects and mechanisms of Xinmaitong formula for type 2 diabetes mellitus via GLP-1R signaling.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x78850698e3e0>"
}