{
    "abstract": "Transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve is believed to deliver afferent signaling to the brain that, in turn, yields downstream changes in peripheral physiology, including cardiovascular and respiratory parameters. While the effects of transcutaneous cervical vagus nerve stimulation (tcVNS) on these parameters have been studied broadly, little is known regarding the specific effects of tcVNS on exhalation time and the spontaneous respiration cycle. By understanding such effects, tcVNS could be used to counterbalance sympathetic hyperactivity following distress by enhancing vagal tone through parasympathetically favored modulation of inspiration and expiration - specifically, lengthened expiration relative to inspiration. We thus investigated the effects of tcVNS on respiration timings by decomposing the respiration cycle into inspiration and expiration times and incorporating state-of-the-art respiration quality assessment algorithms for respiratory effort belt and electrocardiogram derived respiration signals. This enabled robust estimation of respiration timings from quality measurements alone. We thereby found that tcVNS increases expiration time minutes after stimulation, compared to a sham control (N = 26). This suggests that tcVNS could counteract sympathovagal imbalance, given the relationship between expiration and heightened vagal tone.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.",
            "firstname": "Asim H",
            "initials": "AH",
            "lastname": "Gazi"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "College of Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.",
            "firstname": "Srirakshaa",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Sundararaj"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.",
            "firstname": "Anna B",
            "initials": "AB",
            "lastname": "Harrison"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.",
            "firstname": "Nil Z",
            "initials": "NZ",
            "lastname": "Gurel"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.",
            "firstname": "Matthew T",
            "initials": "MT",
            "lastname": "Wittbrodt"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA.",
            "firstname": "Amit J",
            "initials": "AJ",
            "lastname": "Shah"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA.",
            "firstname": "Viola",
            "initials": "V",
            "lastname": "Vaccarino"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.",
            "firstname": "J Douglas",
            "initials": "JD",
            "lastname": "Bremner"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.",
            "firstname": "Omer T",
            "initials": "OT",
            "lastname": "Inan"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": null,
    "doi": "10.1109/bhi50953.2021.9508534",
    "journal": "... IEEE-EMBS International Conference on Biomedical and Health Informatics. IEEE-EMBS International Conference on Biomedical and Health Informatics",
    "keywords": [
        "expiration time",
        "non-invasive",
        "respiration",
        "signal processing",
        "vagus nerve stimulation"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2021-07-01",
    "pubmed_id": "37082108\n24020097\n34113802\n28890702\n8434081\n29209423\n30803865\n31439323\n34449355\n10553744\n3997178\n26218060\n30199376\n29989939\n29335031\n32960179",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Transcutaneous Cervical Vagus Nerve Stimulation Lengthens Exhalation in the Context of Traumatic Stress.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x7885033b4cc0>"
}