{
    "abstract": "Hypoxic microenvironment is prominent in advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, it is unclear whether ESCC becomes hypoxic when it remains in the mucosal layer or as it invades the submucosal layer. We aimed to investigate whether intramucosal (Tis-T1a) or submucosal invasive (T1b) ESCC becomes hypoxic using endoscopic submucosal dissection samples.\nWe evaluated the expression of hypoxia markers including hypoxia inducible factor 1\u03b1 (HIF-1\u03b1), carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) by H-score and vessel density by microvessel count (MVC) and microvessel density (MVD) for CD31 and \u03b1-smooth muscle actin (\u03b1-SMA) with immunohistochemical staining (n\u2009=\u2009109). Further, we quantified oxygen saturation (StO\nIn Tis-T1a, cccIX (13.0 vs. 0.290, p\u2009<\u20090.001) and GLUT1 (199 vs. 37.6, p\u2009<\u20090.001) were significantly increased. Similarly, median MVC (22.7/mm\nThese results suggest that ESCC becomes hypoxic even at an early stage, and is especially prominent in T1b.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan.\nCourse of Advanced Clinical Research of Cancer, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Japan.",
            "firstname": "Nobuhisa",
            "initials": "N",
            "lastname": "Minakata"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan.",
            "firstname": "Shingo",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Sakashita"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Biostatistics Division, Center for Research Administration and Support, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan.",
            "firstname": "Masashi",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Wakabayashi"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Strategic Programs, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan.",
            "firstname": "Yuka",
            "initials": "Y",
            "lastname": "Nakamura"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan.\nNEXT Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan.",
            "firstname": "Hironori",
            "initials": "H",
            "lastname": "Sunakawa"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan.\nDepartment of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan.",
            "firstname": "Yusuke",
            "initials": "Y",
            "lastname": "Yoda"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Course of Advanced Clinical Research of Cancer, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Japan.\nDepartment of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan.",
            "firstname": "Genichiro",
            "initials": "G",
            "lastname": "Ishii"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan.\nCourse of Advanced Clinical Research of Cancer, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Japan.\nNEXT Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan.",
            "firstname": "Tomonori",
            "initials": "T",
            "lastname": "Yano"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": "These results suggest that ESCC becomes hypoxic even at an early stage, and is especially prominent in T1b.",
    "copyrights": "\u00a9 2023 The Authors. Cancer Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.",
    "doi": "10.1002/cam4.6217\n10.1038/nrd3455\n10.1038/nrc704\n10.1074/jbc.M010144200\n10.1073/pnas.94.9.4273\n10.1038/28867\n10.1038/nrc1187\n10.1016/j.jss.2009.11.725\n10.1016/j.ejca.2004.04.035\n10.3322/caac.21660\n10.3389/fonc.2016.00069\n10.1038/sj.bjc.6604719\n10.1245/s10434-013-3371-1\n10.1038/sj.bjc.6601186\n10.5114/pjp.2019.87100\n10.1007/s12253-013-9631-3\n10.1093/jjco/hyu039\n10.1002/(sici)1096-9098(199707)65:3<188::aid-jso8>3.0.co;2-2\n10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64554-3\n10.1016/s0046-8177(97)90185-4\n10.3390/ijms22179270\n10.1371/journal.pone.0099055\n10.1371/journal.pone.0243165\n10.1016/j.vgie.2020.07.003\n10.1200/JCO.2003.11.069\n10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70318-7\n10.1016/j.lungcan.2013.07.016\n10.1186/1471-2407-10-683\n10.1007/s10147-015-0818-3\n10.1038/bmt.2012.244\n10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2009.10.003\n10.1136/jcp.54.12.940\n10.1038/nrc1367\n10.1093/jnci/93.4.266\n10.2967/jnumed.108.051326\n10.2967/jnumed.107.048520\n10.1007/s00259-014-2730-x\n10.11477/mf.1403103406\n10.1111/den.13654\n10.1007/s10388-016-0527-7",
    "journal": "Cancer medicine",
    "keywords": [
        "blood vessel",
        "endoscopy",
        "esophageal squamous cell carcinoma",
        "hypoxia",
        "neoplasm invasion"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2023-06-17",
    "pubmed_id": "37329213\n2684393\n21629292\n11902584\n11156414\n11120745\n9113979\n9697772\n13130303\n20451923\n15288294\n33538338\n27066453\n18841153\n24242681\n12966423\n31556558\n23658132\n24748644\n9236928\n10934146\n9191010\n34502178\n24915532\n33411775\n33103009\n12953099\n22056021\n23972450\n21159176\n25788218\n23208313\n20123453\n11729214\n15170446\n11181773\n1727119\n18552145\n18199612\n24570097\n32072683\n28386209",
    "results": "In Tis-T1a, cccIX (13.0 vs. 0.290, p\u2009<\u20090.001) and GLUT1 (199 vs. 37.6, p\u2009<\u20090.001) were significantly increased. Similarly, median MVC (22.7/mm",
    "title": "Immunohistochemistry and oxygen saturation endoscopic imaging reveal hypoxia in submucosal invasive esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788506c625c0>"
}