{
    "abstract": "People with spinal cord injury (SCI) experience respiratory dysfunctions which include hypersecretions, bronchospasm, and respiratory muscles weakness. Singing therapy has been implemented as part of respiratory muscle training (RMT) to improve their muscle strength. Singing different types and genres of songs may elicit specific recruitment of respiratory muscles, attributed to the variation of the songs' characteristics including tempo, pitch, and rhythmic complexity. This study aims to determine the effect of singing songs with different characteristics on the accessory respiratory muscle performance among people with SCI. Thirteen male SCI participants of ASIA A and B (C4 -T11) were recruited. Respiratory muscle signals were retrieved by placing two mechanomyography (MMG) sensors on the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and rectus abdominis (RA) muscles. Eight music experts categorized several songs into four categories based on their pitch, tempo, and rhythmic complexity. Each participant sang one song from each category. Findings showed statistically significant difference in RA and SCM responses among all categories (P < 0.01). The SCM muscle is most active while singing high pitch songs. While the RA is most active during slow tempo and easy rhythmic complexity. This shows that different accessory respiratory muscle is activated by people with SCI while singing songs with different characteristics. Clinicians could benefit from this knowledge while prescribing singing therapy or exercise among people with SCI in the future.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.",
            "firstname": "Muhammad Imran",
            "initials": "MI",
            "lastname": "Ramli"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.",
            "firstname": "Nur Azah",
            "initials": "NA",
            "lastname": "Hamzaid"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.",
            "firstname": "Julia Patrick",
            "initials": "JP",
            "lastname": "Engkasan"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.",
            "firstname": "Juliana",
            "initials": "J",
            "lastname": "Usman"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Music, Faculty of Creative Arts, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.",
            "firstname": "Marzelan",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Salleh"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.",
            "firstname": "Wee Duen",
            "initials": "WD",
            "lastname": "Hueh"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "Copyright: \u00a9 2024 Ramli et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.",
    "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0305940\n10.1152/jappl.2001.90.2.405\n10.1016/j.rmed.2006.02.029\n10.1007/s12975-011-0114-0\n10.1016/j.resp.2009.04.002\n10.1016/s0003-9993(02)04898-0\n10.1016/s0003-9993(00)90107-2\n10.1002/14651858.CD008507.pub2\n10.1016/s0003-9993(00)90106-0\n10.1080/10790268.2008.11753983\n10.1016/j.apmr.2010.02.012\n10.1136/thoraxjnl-2019-213917\n10.2522/ptj.20140079\n10.1080/10790268.2018.1462618\n10.1111/sms.12070\n10.1097/JSM.0000000000000003\n10.1097/JSM.0b013e318160c075\n10.2340/16501977-0140\n10.2340/16501977-2572\n10.1016/j.apmr.2012.10.006\n10.1093/mtp/miw042\n10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.02.009\n10.1016/j.ctim.2017.03.002\n10.1002/14651858.CD012296.pub2\n10.1093/jmt/thx010\n10.3332/ecancer.2016.631\n10.1159/000087079\n10.1016/j.jvoice.2004.08.007\n10.1080/14015430410031661\n10.1016/j.jvoice.2004.02.006\n10.3390/s141222940\n10.1371/journal.pone.0058902\n10.1016/j.jvoice.2019.06.006\n10.1007/978-3-642-58552-4_26\n10.1007/s00421-002-0661-x\n10.1016/s1050-6411(03)00027-0\n10.3109/03790799109166683\n10.1002/ar.1091770402\n10.1016/j.jelekin.2016.03.007\n10.1080/23268263.2003.10739415\n10.1113/JP280684\n10.1080/10790268.2007.11753945\n10.1113/JP277943\n10.1371/journal.pone.0155084\n10.1016/S0892-1997(89)80118-3",
    "journal": "PloS one",
    "keywords": [],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2024-07-05",
    "pubmed_id": "38968230\n11160035\n16626951\n22408690\n19442929\n12808547\n10857520\n11926327\n23881660\n10857519\n18533414\n20510974\n31937553\n25082923\n29667507\n23530708\n24326928\n18185045\n18509576\n31198974\n23103430\n18987565\n22436653\n28434465\n29253921\n28992349\n27170831\n16280629\n16301107\n15260181\n15907438\n25479326\n23536834\n31300185\n12355194\n12932422\n1757404\n4762725\n27077819\n33146892\n17853651\n31115056\n27159498",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Accessory respiratory muscles performance among people with spinal cord injury while singing songs with different musical parameters.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x7885056791c0>"
}