{
    "abstract": "Menstrual disorders, influenced by dietary habits like high fat intake and low fruit and vegetable consumption, are a global public health issue. This study assessed the prevalence of dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and irregular menstrual cycle (IMC) among female university students in Bangladesh, focusing on food cravings and low vitamin A intake as risk factors.\nIn this comprehensive study, data from randomly selected female university students were collected using a structured questionnaire. The associations were analyzed through chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression, reported as adjusted odds ratios (AOR).\nThe most prevalent menstrual disorder was dysmenorrhea (68.3%) followed by PMS (33.8%), and IMC (24.3%). Food cravers for high-fat and sweet foods were likely to experience dysmenorrhea (AOR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.5-3.9, P<0.001), suffer from PMS (AOR: 3.9, 95% CI: 2.3-6.6, P<0.001), and have IMC (AOR: 3.0, 95% CI: 1.6-5.3, P<0.001) vs. subjects who didn't. Subjects consuming vitamin A-rich plant foods had 40% (AOR: 0.6, 95% CI: 0.4-0.9, P < 0.01) and 60% (AOR: 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2-0.6, P<0.001) less likely suffering from dysmenorrhea and IMC vs. who didn't. Both underweight and overweight/obese subjects experienced more than 2-fold dysmenorrhea vs. normal-weight peers. The chance of IMC was nearly 3-fold among overweight/obese subjects. However, lower physical activity was associated with PMS and IMC whereas family history was associated with dysmenorrhea and PMS. Among the socio-demographic factors, maternal education, place of residence, and earlier menarche (\u226412 years) were associated with dysmenorrhea while marital status was associated with IMC.\nThis study indicates that increasing the intake of vitamin A-rich plant foods and reducing high-fat, sweet foods can lower the risk of dysmenorrhea and IMC. Additionally, it highlights the need for regular exercise to mitigate the increased risk of PMS and IMC.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Department of Community Health and Hygiene, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali, Bangladesh.\nDepartment of Food Engineering and Tea Technology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh.",
            "firstname": "Liton Chandra",
            "initials": "LC",
            "lastname": "Sen"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Department of Community Health and Hygiene, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali, Bangladesh.",
            "firstname": "Ishrat",
            "initials": "I",
            "lastname": "Jahan"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Department of Community Health and Hygiene, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali, Bangladesh.",
            "firstname": "Nadia",
            "initials": "N",
            "lastname": "Salekin"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Food Engineering and Tea Technology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh.",
            "firstname": "Jahid Hasan",
            "initials": "JH",
            "lastname": "Shourove"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.",
            "firstname": "Mosiur",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Rahman"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh.\nFaculty of Graduate Studies, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.",
            "firstname": "Md Jamal",
            "initials": "MJ",
            "lastname": "Uddin"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.",
            "firstname": "Cuilin",
            "initials": "C",
            "lastname": "Zhang"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America.\nDepartment of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America.\nFriedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States of America.",
            "firstname": "Davidson",
            "initials": "D",
            "lastname": "H Hamer"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Food Engineering and Tea Technology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh.",
            "firstname": "G M Rabiul",
            "initials": "GMR",
            "lastname": "Islam"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": "This study indicates that increasing the intake of vitamin A-rich plant foods and reducing high-fat, sweet foods can lower the risk of dysmenorrhea and IMC. Additionally, it highlights the need for regular exercise to mitigate the increased risk of PMS and IMC.",
    "copyrights": "Copyright: This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.",
    "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0310995\n10.1053/ybeog.2002.0342\n10.1111/j.1442-200X.2007.02489.x\n10.1007/s12098-018-2822-x\n10.1016/j.jmwh.2004.08.013\n10.1017/s0033291701004901\n10.1007/s00737-003-0018-4\n10.1186/s12905-019-0730-5\n10.1016/j.mefs.2014.08.002\n10.1034/j.1600-0412.2003.00097.x\n10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2023.102343\n10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100905\n10.3390/nu12061759\n10.5897/IJNAM2019.0264\n10.2478/anre-2019-0008\n10.1136/bmj.38748.697465.55\n10.1111/j.1447-0756.2010.01362.x\n10.1093/epirev/mxt009\n10.1016/j.jpag.2019.09.004\n10.3390/ijerph20010569\n10.1016/j.pmn.2015.07.001\n10.3390/nu11081939\n10.1186/s12905-018-0565-5\n10.1186/s12905-018-0528-x\n10.1537/ase.100903\n10.1186/s12905-022-01947-z\n10.1111/j.1479-828X.2009.01097.x\n10.1093/ajcn/43.1.37\n10.3906/sag-1504-140\n10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00130.x\n10.1016/j.appet.2018.01.029\n10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.02.006\n10.3390/life13061308\n10.1159/000495408\n10.1186/s12905-018-0558-4\n10.1093/ajcn/70.3.549S\n10.1007/s00404-019-05343-1\n10.1016/j.jpag.2015.08.008\n10.1016/0002-9378(82)90433-1\n10.1007/s00737-003-0018-4\n10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15268-3\n10.1080/01443610400023049\n10.1111/j.1365-2125.2004.02103.x\n10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015508\n10.1186/s12905-023-02290-7\n10.1186/1472-6874-9-29\n10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_159_17\n10.26719/2012.18.4.346\n10.4103/0970-0218.62559\n10.1080/0167482X.2016.1216959\n10.1007/s12671-021-01760-z\n10.1155/2022/4243868\n10.1002/1098-108x(200103)29:2<195::aid-eat1009>3.0.co;2-n\n10.1016/j.appet.2012.07.011\n10.1017/S0033291708002997\n10.1016/s0301-2115(99)00277-8\n10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.12.006\n10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.27928\n10.1079/PNS2002172\n10.3390/ijerph17041191\n10.1097/01.AOG.0000230214.26638.0c\n10.1530/EC-17-0101\n10.1023/a:1007669430686\n10.1039/d2fo02765h\n10.1007/978-1-4939-0659-8_7\n10.22074/IJFS.2022.542056.1216\n10.1371/journal.pone.0155310\n10.1177/17455057231189549\n10.1016/j.ejogrb.2018.09.002\n10.1371/journal.pone.0134187\n10.1111/jog.13697\n10.1111/j.1471-0528.1996.tb09597.x\n10.1016/s0950-3552(05)80302-5\n10.1093/jnci/91.11.950\n10.1080/0167482X.2017.1321631\n10.1007/s13224-011-0117-5\n10.3109/01443615.2014.960823\n10.1097/00001648-200011000-00006\n10.1093/aje/kwr204",
    "journal": "PloS one",
    "keywords": [],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2024-09-25",
    "pubmed_id": "39321166\n12758227\n18045301\n30628040\n15544981\n11883728\n12920618\n30777053\n12752071\n37279629\n32545490\n16484239\n21208343\n24284871\n31539615\n36612891\n26328887\n31426498\n29855308\n29409520\n36050702\n20070725\n3079942\n27513243\n15198788\n29407746\n20223600\n37374091\n30630172\n29783972\n10479230\n31734759\n26343844\n7137249\n12920618\n14726171\n15962720\n15151515\n28694347\n36997915\n19804623\n30234057\n22768696\n22605882\n20606922\n27584558\n34584574\n35634585\n11429982\n22824054\n18307829\n7956999\n10869786\n17210218\n33346844\n12230799\n32069859\n16880317\n28720593\n10608360\n36484265\n24782009\n36029061\n20977093\n27171234\n37563987\n30216855\n26218569\n29974566\n8917003\n2282736\n10359547\n28472893\n23204690\n25279689\n11055624\n21890836",
    "results": "The most prevalent menstrual disorder was dysmenorrhea (68.3%) followed by PMS (33.8%), and IMC (24.3%). Food cravers for high-fat and sweet foods were likely to experience dysmenorrhea (AOR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.5-3.9, P<0.001), suffer from PMS (AOR: 3.9, 95% CI: 2.3-6.6, P<0.001), and have IMC (AOR: 3.0, 95% CI: 1.6-5.3, P<0.001) vs. subjects who didn't. Subjects consuming vitamin A-rich plant foods had 40% (AOR: 0.6, 95% CI: 0.4-0.9, P < 0.01) and 60% (AOR: 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2-0.6, P<0.001) less likely suffering from dysmenorrhea and IMC vs. who didn't. Both underweight and overweight/obese subjects experienced more than 2-fold dysmenorrhea vs. normal-weight peers. The chance of IMC was nearly 3-fold among overweight/obese subjects. However, lower physical activity was associated with PMS and IMC whereas family history was associated with dysmenorrhea and PMS. Among the socio-demographic factors, maternal education, place of residence, and earlier menarche (\u226412 years) were associated with dysmenorrhea while marital status was associated with IMC.",
    "title": "Food craving, vitamin A, and menstrual disorders: A comprehensive study on university female students.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788506b87dd0>"
}