{
    "abstract": "Infection of pregnant cows with noncytopathic (ncp) bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) induces rapid innate and adaptive immune responses, resulting in clearance of the virus in less than 3 weeks. Seven to 14 days after inoculation of the cow, ncpBVDV crosses the placenta and induces a fetal viremia. Establishment of persistent infection with ncpBVDV in the fetus has been attributed to the inability to mount an immune response before 90-150 days of gestational age. The result is 'immune tolerance', persistent viral replication and shedding of ncpBVDV. In contrast, we describe the chronic upregulation of fetal Type I interferon (IFN) pathway genes and the induction of IFN-\u03b3 pathways in fetuses of cows infected on day 75 of gestation. Persistently infected (PI) fetal IFN-\u03b3 concentrations also increased at day 97 at the peak of fetal viremia and IFN-\u03b3 mRNA was significantly elevated in fetal thymus, liver and spleen 14-22 days post maternal inoculation. PI fetuses respond to ncpBVDV infection through induction of Type I IFN and IFN-\u03b3 activated genes leading to a reduction in ncpBVDV titer. We hypothesize that fetal infection with BVDV persists because of impaired induction of IFN-\u03b3 in the face of activated Type I IFN responses. Clarification of the mechanisms involved in the IFN-associated pathways during BVDV fetal infection may lead to better detection methods, antiviral compounds and selection of genetically resistant breeding animals.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory,Department of Biomedical Sciences,College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences,Colorado State University,CO 80523-1683,USA.",
            "firstname": "Thomas R",
            "initials": "TR",
            "lastname": "Hansen"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory,Department of Biomedical Sciences,College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences,Colorado State University,CO 80523-1683,USA.",
            "firstname": "Natalia P",
            "initials": "NP",
            "lastname": "Smirnova"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory,North Dakota State University,ND,58108,USA.",
            "firstname": "Brett T",
            "initials": "BT",
            "lastname": "Webb"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre & School of Veterinary Science University of Queensland,Queensland,Australia.",
            "firstname": "Helle",
            "initials": "H",
            "lastname": "Bielefeldt-Ohmann"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Unit,National Animal Disease Center,USDA/ARS,IA 50010,USA.",
            "firstname": "Randy E",
            "initials": "RE",
            "lastname": "Sacco"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Microbiology,Immunology and Pathology,College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences,Colorado State University,CO 80523-1683,USA.",
            "firstname": "Hana",
            "initials": "H",
            "lastname": "Van Campen"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": null,
    "doi": "10.1017/S1466252315000122",
    "journal": "Animal health research reviews",
    "keywords": [
        "IFN",
        "adaptive",
        "bovine viral diarrhea virus",
        "fetus",
        "immune response",
        "innate",
        "interferon",
        "persistent infection"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2015-06-09",
    "pubmed_id": "26050568",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Innate and adaptive immune responses to in utero infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x7885063129d0>"
}