{
    "abstract": "Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a potential home-based treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD). In our double-blind randomised controlled trial (RCT) (n\u00a0=\u00a0174; UK and USA), a 10-week course of home-based tDCS demonstrated clinical efficacy (clinical response: 58.3\u00a0% active treatment arm and 37.8\u00a0% sham (p\u00a0=\u00a00.017). tDCS was delivered in a bifrontal montage, with anode over left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and cathode over right DLPFC. Each session was 30\u00a0min, with active stimulation at 2\u00a0mA and sham at 0\u00a0mA, incorporating brief ramp-up and ramp-down phased. Following the 10-week RCT, all participants were offered active tDCS in a 10-week open-label treatment phase, with 111 participants completing this phase. UK cohort (n\u00a0=\u00a077 MDD) were invited for additional 3-month and 6-month follow-ups, extending the total study period to 11 months post-randomisation. Participants were able to continue using the tDCS device during follow-up. At least one follow-up visit was attended by 42 MDD participants (27 women). Device usage rates were 59\u00a0% at 3-month follow-up and 55\u00a0% at 6-month follow-up. Clinical response rate was 64\u00a0% at 3-month follow-up and 76\u00a0% at 6-month follow-up. Among participants who had shown a clinical response after the open-label phase, 90\u00a0% maintained their response at the 6-month follow-up. In summary, long-term follow-up showed high and sustained clinical response rates regardless of continued tDCS device use.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Psychology, University of East London, London, UK. Electronic address: r.woodham@uel.ac.uk.",
            "firstname": "Rachel D",
            "initials": "RD",
            "lastname": "Woodham"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Intra-Cellular Therapies Inc., USA.",
            "firstname": "Sudhakar",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Selvaraj"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Psychology, University of East London, London, UK.",
            "firstname": "Nahed",
            "initials": "N",
            "lastname": "Lajmi"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Psychology, University of East London, London, UK.",
            "firstname": "Harriet",
            "initials": "H",
            "lastname": "Hobday"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Psychology, University of East London, London, UK.",
            "firstname": "Gabrielle",
            "initials": "G",
            "lastname": "Sheehan"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Psychology, University of East London, London, UK.",
            "firstname": "Ali-Reza",
            "initials": "AR",
            "lastname": "Ghazi-Noori"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Psychology, University of East London, London, UK.",
            "firstname": "Peter J",
            "initials": "PJ",
            "lastname": "Lagerberg"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.",
            "firstname": "Rodrigo",
            "initials": "R",
            "lastname": "Machado-Vieira"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.",
            "firstname": "Jair C",
            "initials": "JC",
            "lastname": "Soares"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, UK; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, UK.",
            "firstname": "Allan H",
            "initials": "AH",
            "lastname": "Young"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Psychology, University of East London, London, UK; Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, UK.",
            "firstname": "Cynthia H Y",
            "initials": "CHY",
            "lastname": "Fu"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "Copyright \u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.03.047",
    "journal": "Journal of psychiatric research",
    "keywords": [
        "Long term outcome",
        "Major depression",
        "Neuromodulation",
        "Non-invasive",
        "Transcranial direct current stimulation"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2025-04-11",
    "pubmed_id": "40209536",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Home-based transcranial direct current stimulation for major depressive disorder: 6-month follow-up from randomised sham-controlled trial and open-label treatment phases.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x7885023aa4d0>"
}