{
    "abstract": "A lifestyle-associated disease, diabetes mellitus, mandates compliance with established policies by physicians and patients to achieve optimal glycemic control. Collaborative care from health care providers and patients is essential for effective management, which slows disease progression, improves quality of life, and reduces medication costs. This study assessed the effectiveness of pharmacist-led educational initiatives provided to patients on clinical outcomes and direct treatment costs for those with diabetes in two public hospitals in Malaysia.\nFour hundred type 2 diabetes patients included in this study were randomly allocated to two corresponding groups. The control group, consisting of 200 patients (100 from each hospital), received standard treatment using the Malaysian Clinical Practice Guideline 2015, while the intervention group, also comprising 200 patients (100 from each hospital), received pharmacist-led care through Diabetic Medication Therapy Adherence Clinics (DMTACs), including pharmacist-provided education, alongside conventional treatment. The patients were equally selected from both hospitals based on the sample size calculation. The pharmacists provided educational interventions emphasizing dietary adjustments, lifestyle modifications, the significance of physical activity, and appropriate medication storage. Among these, 143 control patients and 156 intervention patients completed this one-year study, which comprised an initial and two follow-up visits. Clinical outcomes and treatment expenses were evaluated, and a data analysis was performed utilizing version 24 SPSS. Descriptive statistics were presented as the mean \u00b1 standard deviation, including normality assessed using the skewness, kurtosis, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Independent \nAfter the research, the group receiving intervention had a much higher decrease in HbA1c levels relative to the control group (3.59% versus 2.17%; \nPharmacist-led interventions led to a significant improvement in HbA1c levels. While medication expenses increased in both groups from the initial follow-up, the control group exhibited a significantly greater increase in costs and HbA1c levels than the intervention group.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.",
            "firstname": "Muhammad Zahid",
            "initials": "MZ",
            "lastname": "Iqbal"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.",
            "firstname": "Saad S",
            "initials": "SS",
            "lastname": "Alqahtani"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lahore University of Biological & Applied Sciences, Lahore 53400, Pakistan.",
            "firstname": "Sara",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Shahid"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.",
            "firstname": "Khalid M",
            "initials": "KM",
            "lastname": "Orayj"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": "Pharmacist-led interventions led to a significant improvement in HbA1c levels. While medication expenses increased in both groups from the initial follow-up, the control group exhibited a significantly greater increase in costs and HbA1c levels than the intervention group.",
    "copyrights": null,
    "doi": "10.3390/healthcare13080901",
    "journal": "Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)",
    "keywords": [
        "cost of medication",
        "diabetes mellitus",
        "glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)",
        "lifestyle modification",
        "pharmacist-led educational intervention"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2025-04-26",
    "pubmed_id": "40281848",
    "results": "After the research, the group receiving intervention had a much higher decrease in HbA1c levels relative to the control group (3.59% versus 2.17%; ",
    "title": "Impact of Pharmacist Educational Intervention on Costs of Medication with Improved Clinical Outcomes for Diabetic Patients in Various Tertiary Care Hospitals in Malaysia: A Randomized Controlled Trial.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788502531080>"
}