{
    "abstract": "Organ absorbed doses and effective doses can be used to compare radiation exposure among medical imaging procedures, compare alternative imaging options, and guide dose optimization efforts. Individual dose estimates are important for relatively radiosensitive patient populations such as children and for radiosensitive organs such as the eye lens. Software-based dose calculation methods conveniently calculate organ dose using patient-adjusted and examination-specific inputs.\nOrgan absorbed doses and effective doses were calculated for 429 pediatric 18F-FDG PET-CT patients. Patient-adjusted and scan-specific information was extracted from the electronic medical record and scanner dose-monitoring software. The VirtualDose and OLINDA/EXM (version 2.0) programs, respectively, were used to calculate the CT and the radiopharmaceutical organ absorbed doses and effective doses. Patients were grouped according to age at the time of the scan as follows: less than 1\u2009year old, 1 to 5\u2009years old, 6 to 10\u2009years old, 11 to 15\u2009years old, and 16 to 17\u2009years old.\nThe mean (+/- standard deviation, range) total PET plus CT effective dose was 14.5 (1.9, 11.2-22.3) mSv. The mean (+/- standard deviation, range) PET effective dose was 8.1 (1.2, 5.7-16.5) mSv. The mean (+/- standard deviation, range) CT effective dose was 6.4 (1.8, 2.9-14.7) mSv. The five organs with highest PET dose were: Urinary bladder, heart, liver, lungs, and brain. The five organs with highest CT dose were: Thymus, thyroid, kidneys, eye lens, and gonads.\nOrgan and effective dose for both the CT and PET components can be estimated with actual patient and scan data using commercial software. Doses calculated using software generally agree with those calculated using dose conversion factors, although some organ doses were found to be appreciably different. Software-based dose calculation methods allow patient-adjusted dose factors. The effort to gather the needed patient data is justified by the resulting value of the characterization of patient-adjusted dosimetry.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA. quinnb@mskcc.org.",
            "firstname": "Brian M",
            "initials": "BM",
            "lastname": "Quinn"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.",
            "firstname": "Yiming",
            "initials": "Y",
            "lastname": "Gao"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.",
            "firstname": "Usman",
            "initials": "U",
            "lastname": "Mahmood"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.",
            "firstname": "Neeta",
            "initials": "N",
            "lastname": "Pandit-Taskar"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.",
            "firstname": "Gerald",
            "initials": "G",
            "lastname": "Behr"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.\nDepartment of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.",
            "firstname": "Pat",
            "initials": "P",
            "lastname": "Zanzonico"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.\nDepartment of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.",
            "firstname": "Lawrence T",
            "initials": "LT",
            "lastname": "Dauer"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": null,
    "doi": "10.1186/s12880-020-0415-4\n10.1186/s12880-016-0143-y\n10.1007/s00247-009-1434-z\n10.2967/jnumed.109.065912\n10.5152/dir.2015.15221\n10.1148/radiol.2511081300\n10.1097/HP.0000000000000674\n10.1097/HP.0000000000001015\n10.1088/1361-6498/aad348\n10.2967/jnumed.116.180182\n10.2967/jnumed.116.182667\n10.2214/AJR.07.3526\n10.2967/jnumed.107.049908\n10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2017.01.002\n10.1007/s00247-003-1111-6\n10.2967/jnmt.108.051995\n10.2967/jnumed.116.182899\n10.3413/Nukmed-0663-14-04\n10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a033130\n10.1088/0031-9155/60/14/5601\n10.1088/1361-6560/aad47a\n10.1186/s12880-017-0199-3",
    "journal": "BMC medical imaging",
    "keywords": [
        "CT dosimetry",
        "Effective dose",
        "PET dosimetry",
        "PET/CT dosimetry",
        "Pediatric"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2020-01-31",
    "pubmed_id": "31996149\n27317478\n19967534\n19793734\n27306659\n19251940\n18082557\n28658055\n30585971\n30004025\n25077203\n27493264\n27754908\n18212208\n18483096\n28417855\n14745525\n19008284\n28687601\n24919708\n15937315\n26134511\n3712045\n26069086\n30022768\n28446130",
    "results": "The mean (+/- standard deviation, range) total PET plus CT effective dose was 14.5 (1.9, 11.2-22.3) mSv. The mean (+/- standard deviation, range) PET effective dose was 8.1 (1.2, 5.7-16.5) mSv. The mean (+/- standard deviation, range) CT effective dose was 6.4 (1.8, 2.9-14.7) mSv. The five organs with highest PET dose were: Urinary bladder, heart, liver, lungs, and brain. The five organs with highest CT dose were: Thymus, thyroid, kidneys, eye lens, and gonads.",
    "title": "Patient-adapted organ absorbed dose and effective dose estimates in pediatric 18F-FDG positron emission tomography/computed tomography studies.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788506841350>"
}