{
    "abstract": "The objective of this research\u00a0was\u00a0to characterize menstrual changes including amount, duration, and frequency among COVID-19 vaccinated and infected women. We conducted an online nationwide questionnaire survey on premenopausal, non-pregnant women over 18\u00a0years of age in Israel, querying about any changes in their menstrual patterns after COVID-19 vaccination or infection. In total, 10,319 women responded, of which 7904 met the inclusion criteria. Changes in menstrual patterns following COVID-19 vaccination or infection were reported in 3689/7476 (49.3%) women compared with 202/428 (47.2%) women, respectively, (P\u2009=\u2009.387). The most commonly described menstrual disturbance was excessive bleeding (heavy, prolonged, or intermenstrual) in both the vaccinated and infected groups, (80.6% versus 81.4%, respectively, P\u2009=\u2009.720). Among women who experienced abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), in most cases (61.1%), it occurred between the vaccination and the ensuing menstrual period. Menstrual disturbances were similar in type among the vaccinated and infected women. In conclusion, AUB emerged as a side effect of the BNT162b2 vaccine and a symptom of the COVID-19 infection and was characterized mainly by excessive bleeding. Although the precise incidence could not be determined in this study, the type of bleeding disorder as well as the characterization of risk factors including increasing age and a baseline menstrual pattern of prolonged, frequent, and heavy menses are well defined. The incidence and the long-term consequences of the BNT162b2 vaccine on uterine bleeding warrant further investigation.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Obstetrics Gynecology and IVF Department, Laniado Medical Center, Netanya, Israel. gal.issakov@gmail.com.\nAdelson Medical School, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel. gal.issakov@gmail.com.",
            "firstname": "Gal",
            "initials": "G",
            "lastname": "Issakov"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.\nSackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.",
            "firstname": "Yossi",
            "initials": "Y",
            "lastname": "Tzur"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Obstetrics Gynecology and IVF Department, Laniado Medical Center, Netanya, Israel.\nSackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.\nDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.",
            "firstname": "Talia",
            "initials": "T",
            "lastname": "Friedman"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Adelson Medical School, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.",
            "firstname": "Tamar",
            "initials": "T",
            "lastname": "Tzur"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "\u00a9 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Society for Reproductive Investigation.",
    "doi": "10.1007/s43032-022-01062-2\n10.15585/mmwr.mm6950e2\n10.1056/NEJMoa2034577\n10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.09.020\n10.1002/ijgo.12666\n10.1097/AOG.0b013e318262e320\n10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00012.x\n10.1111/j.1524-4733.2007.00168.x\n10.1371/journal.pone.0258314\n10.1080/07399332.2021.2004149\n10.3389/fendo.2021.642755\n10.3389/fmed.2021.760047\n10.1136/bmj.o142\n10.1515/med-2022-0452\n10.1080/01443615.2021.1907562\n10.1080/09513590.2016.1232780\n10.1530/eje.1.01886\n10.1136/bmj-2021-069590\n10.1002/ajh.26132\n10.1007/s11739-021-02685-0\n10.1016/j.jcin.2021.03.003\n10.1016/j.pvr.2018.02.002\n10.1038/oby.2008.641\n10.1093/humrep/deab055\n10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.01.017\n10.1136/bmj.n2211",
    "journal": "Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.)",
    "keywords": [
        "Abnormal uterine bleeding",
        "BNT162b2 vaccine",
        "COVID-19",
        "Menstrual changes",
        "Pfizer vaccine"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2022-08-20",
    "pubmed_id": "35986194\n33332292\n33301246\n33288478\n30198563\n22914421\n14687045\n29048917\n17532811\n34669726\n34843413\n34991109\n33841334\n34692740\n35082132\n35350834\n33955327\n27759450\n15817904\n35387772\n33606296\n32708334\n33687691\n33958175\n29481964\n19180069\n33846724\n28292619\n29386936\n30742315\n34526310",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Among COVID-19 Vaccinated and Recovered Women: a National Survey.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x7885035e91c0>"
}