{
    "abstract": "We here present evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of migraine. These guidelines, created by the Italian Society for the Study of Headache and the International Headache Society, aim to offer clear, actionable recommendations to healthcare professionals. They incorporate evidence-based recommendations from randomized controlled trials and expert-based opinions. The guidelines follow the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach for assessing the quality of evidence. The guideline development involved a systematic review of literature across multiple databases, adherence to Cochrane review methods, and a structured framework for data extraction and interpretation. Although the guidelines provide a robust foundation for migraine treatment, they also highlight gaps in current research, such as the paucity of head-to-head drug comparisons and the need for long-term outcome studies. These guidelines serve as a resource to standardize migraine treatment and promote high-quality care across different healthcare settings.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Raffaele",
            "initials": "R",
            "lastname": "Ornello"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Valeria",
            "initials": "V",
            "lastname": "Caponnetto"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust., Hull, UK.",
            "firstname": "Fayyaz",
            "initials": "F",
            "lastname": "Ahmed"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.",
            "firstname": "Haidar M",
            "initials": "HM",
            "lastname": "Al-Khazali"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Headache Clinic - IRCCS NEUROMED, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Anna",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Ambrosini"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Neurology and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.\nDepartment of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.",
            "firstname": "Sait",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Ashina"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Digital and Predictive Medicine, Pharmacology and Clinical Metabolic Toxicology -Headache Center and Drug Abuse - Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, AOU of Modena, Modena, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Carlo",
            "initials": "C",
            "lastname": "Baraldi"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Alessia",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Bellotti"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo Italy.",
            "firstname": "Filippo",
            "initials": "F",
            "lastname": "Brighina"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Paolo",
            "initials": "P",
            "lastname": "Calabresi"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome Polo Pontino - ICOT - Latina, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Francesco",
            "initials": "F",
            "lastname": "Casillo"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma Cefalee e Algie Facciali, Bologna, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Sabina",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Cevoli"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.",
            "firstname": "Shuli",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Cheng"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.",
            "firstname": "Chia-Chun",
            "initials": "CC",
            "lastname": "Chiang"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Health Sciences - Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology - Headache Center, Careggi University Hospital - University of Florence, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Alberto",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Chiarugi"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.\nDepartment of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.",
            "firstname": "Rune H\u00e4ckert",
            "initials": "RH",
            "lastname": "Christensen"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Neurology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea.",
            "firstname": "Min Kyung",
            "initials": "MK",
            "lastname": "Chu"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome Polo Pontino - ICOT - Latina, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Gianluca",
            "initials": "G",
            "lastname": "Coppola"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Ilenia",
            "initials": "I",
            "lastname": "Corbelli"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Headache Clinic, Neurology Department, Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina.",
            "firstname": "Santiago",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Crema"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.\nHeadache Science and Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCSS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Roberto",
            "initials": "R",
            "lastname": "De Icco"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "DiBrain Department, Neurophysiopathology Unit, Bari Aldo Moro University, Bari, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Marina",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "de Tommaso"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome Polo Pontino - ICOT - Latina, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Cherubino",
            "initials": "C",
            "lastname": "Di Lorenzo"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo Italy.",
            "firstname": "Vincenzo",
            "initials": "V",
            "lastname": "Di Stefano"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Neuroepidemiology, Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.",
            "firstname": "Hans-Christoph",
            "initials": "HC",
            "lastname": "Diener"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.",
            "firstname": "Esme",
            "initials": "E",
            "lastname": "Ekizo\u011flu"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Headache Center, Amaducci Neurological Clinic, Polyclinic Hospital-University Consortium Bari, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Adriana",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Fallacara"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma Cefalee e Algie Facciali, Bologna, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Valentina",
            "initials": "V",
            "lastname": "Favoni"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Neurology-Headache Division, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA.",
            "firstname": "Kimberly N",
            "initials": "KN",
            "lastname": "Garces"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Health Sciences - Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology - Headache Center, Careggi University Hospital - University of Florence, Italy.\nDepartment of Molecular Pathobiology and Pain Research Center, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, USA.",
            "firstname": "Pierangelo",
            "initials": "P",
            "lastname": "Geppetti"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Headache Clinic, Neurology Department, Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina.",
            "firstname": "Maria Teresa",
            "initials": "MT",
            "lastname": "Goicochea"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Clinical Unit of Neurology, Headache Center, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University Hospital and Health Services of Trieste, ASUGI, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Antonio",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Granato"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Unit of Neurosciences, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Franco",
            "initials": "F",
            "lastname": "Granella"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Digital and Predictive Medicine, Pharmacology and Clinical Metabolic Toxicology -Headache Center and Drug Abuse - Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, AOU of Modena, Modena, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Simona",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Guerzoni"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.",
            "firstname": "Woo-Seok",
            "initials": "WS",
            "lastname": "Ha"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Neurology, Kasr Al Ainy Hospitals, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.",
            "firstname": "Amr",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Hassan"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Dokkyo Medical University, Japan.",
            "firstname": "Koichi",
            "initials": "K",
            "lastname": "Hirata"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Wolfson Sensory, Pain and Regeneration Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.",
            "firstname": "Jan",
            "initials": "J",
            "lastname": "Hoffmann"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.",
            "firstname": "Eva-Maria",
            "initials": "EM",
            "lastname": "H\u00fcssler"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Neurology, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.",
            "firstname": "Mona",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Hussein"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Health Sciences - Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology - Headache Center, Careggi University Hospital - University of Florence, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Luigi Francesco",
            "initials": "LF",
            "lastname": "Iannone"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia.",
            "firstname": "Bronwyn",
            "initials": "B",
            "lastname": "Jenkins"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester; Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.",
            "firstname": "Alejandro",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Labastida-Ramirez"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "DiBrain Department, Neurophysiopathology Unit, Bari Aldo Moro University, Bari, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Anna",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Laporta"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Headache Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.",
            "firstname": "Morris",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Levin"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo Italy.",
            "firstname": "Antonino",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Lupica"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Headache Centre, Neurology - Euganea, Health Unit, Padua, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Edoardo",
            "initials": "E",
            "lastname": "Mampreso"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Daniele",
            "initials": "D",
            "lastname": "Martinelli"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Headache Center, Amaducci Neurological Clinic, Polyclinic Hospital-University Consortium Bari, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Teshamae S",
            "initials": "TS",
            "lastname": "Monteith"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Headache Centre of Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences University of Campania \"Luigi Vanvitelli\" Naples, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Ilaria",
            "initials": "I",
            "lastname": "Orologio"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Neurology, Mersin University Medical School, Mersin, Turkey.",
            "firstname": "Aynur",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "\u00d6zge"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University.",
            "firstname": "Li-Ling Hope",
            "initials": "LH",
            "lastname": "Pan"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust., Hull, UK.",
            "firstname": "Lavindren Luke",
            "initials": "LL",
            "lastname": "Panneerchelvam"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Neurology, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil.",
            "firstname": "Mario F P",
            "initials": "MFP",
            "lastname": "Peres"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.",
            "firstname": "Marcio Nattan Portes",
            "initials": "MNP",
            "lastname": "Souza"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Headache Clinic, Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, VHIR, Department of Medicine, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.",
            "firstname": "Patricia",
            "initials": "P",
            "lastname": "Pozo-Rosich"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Headache Center, Amaducci Neurological Clinic, Polyclinic Hospital-University Consortium Bari, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Maria Pia",
            "initials": "MP",
            "lastname": "Prudenzano"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma Cefalee e Algie Facciali, Bologna, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Silvia",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Quattrocchi"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Headache Center, Department of Neuroscience \"Rita Levi Montalcini\", University of Torino, Torino, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Innocenzo",
            "initials": "I",
            "lastname": "Rainero"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Ukrainian Medical Academy, Ukraine.",
            "firstname": "Volodymyr",
            "initials": "V",
            "lastname": "Romanenko"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Marina",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Romozzi"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Headache Centre of Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences University of Campania \"Luigi Vanvitelli\" Naples, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Antonio",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Russo"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Grazia",
            "initials": "G",
            "lastname": "Sances"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Paola",
            "initials": "P",
            "lastname": "Sarchielli"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.",
            "firstname": "Todd J",
            "initials": "TJ",
            "lastname": "Schwedt"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Headache Centre of Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences University of Campania \"Luigi Vanvitelli\" Naples, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Marcello",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Silvestro"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Neurology, Irmandade Santa Casa de Miseric\u00f3rdia de S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil.",
            "firstname": "Diego Belandrino",
            "initials": "DB",
            "lastname": "Swerts"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.\nHeadache Science and Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCSS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Cristina",
            "initials": "C",
            "lastname": "Tassorelli"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Headache Centre of Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences University of Campania \"Luigi Vanvitelli\" Naples, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Alessandro",
            "initials": "A",
            "lastname": "Tessitore"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Headache Department, Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.\nHeadache Department, Neurology Ward, Sina Hospital, Medical School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.",
            "firstname": "Mansoureh",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Togha"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.\nHeadache Science and Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCSS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Gloria",
            "initials": "G",
            "lastname": "Vaghi"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei.\nCollege of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei.",
            "firstname": "Shuu-Jiun",
            "initials": "SJ",
            "lastname": "Wang"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.\nDepartment of Neurology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea.",
            "firstname": "Messoud",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Ashina"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.",
            "firstname": "Simona",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Sacco"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": null,
    "doi": "10.1177/03331024241305381",
    "journal": "Cephalalgia : an international journal of headache",
    "keywords": [
        "acute treatment",
        "drugs",
        "migraine treatment",
        "pharmacological treatments",
        "preventive treatment"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2025-04-25",
    "pubmed_id": "40277319",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of migraine.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788504452c50>"
}