{
    "abstract": "Orofacial myofunctional disorders (OMDs) are conditions or behaviors that negatively affect oral postures and functions. These behaviors can interfere with normal orofacial growth and development and related functions.\nMap the available evidence regarding the effectiveness of Orofacial Myofunctional Therapy (OMT) in treating or managing OMDs associated with specific malocclusion traits or orthognathic surgery outcomes.\nAn experienced librarian developed a comprehensive search strategy for six databases and gray literature. The reference lists of included studies were reviewed.\nRandomized controlled trials and non-randomized studies of intervention were included in which individuals with OMDs were treated with OMT, regardless of the healthcare setting or the professional delivering the treatment.\nTwo independent reviewers screened the retrieved records in two phases based on predefined eligibility criteria and extracted data. The evidence level was assessed using the Oxford Levels of Evidence.\nTwenty-four studies were included (18 primary studies and 6 reviews). Seven studies focused on OMDs associated with malocclusion sagittal characteristics (Class I, II, or III), ten examined open-bite-related OMDs, and seven explored OMDs following orthognathic surgery. Only four studies (22%) were randomized controlled trials (RCTs); most studies lacked proper randomization procedures, did not report allocation concealment, and three of the four RCTs were open-label. Among the six comparisons identified, five were deemed plausible (four with a level of evidence 3 and one with a level of evidence 2). No comparisons were rated at level 1 evidence. As a result, the effectiveness of OMT alone or in combination with orthodontic treatment for the conditions of interest could not be conclusively confirmed. Further well-designed RCTs are needed to confirm or refute this finding and to strengthen the overall evidence base.\nAlthough no high-level evidence currently supports the effectiveness of OMT for managing OMDs associated with malocclusion traits, its potential effectiveness remains plausible. Level 2 evidence suggests that OMT may effectively manage OMDs following orthognathic surgery.\nOpen Science Framework (DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/M6HNS).",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Universidad Federal de Brasilia, Department of Dentistry, University of Brasilia, Campus Universit\u00e1rio Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia, Federal District, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil.",
            "firstname": "Cristine M",
            "initials": "CM",
            "lastname": "Stefani"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Universidad Federal de Brasilia, Department of Dentistry, University of Brasilia, Campus Universit\u00e1rio Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia, Federal District, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil.",
            "firstname": "Adriano de Almeida",
            "initials": "AA",
            "lastname": "de Lima"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Universidad Federal de Santa Catarina, Department of Speech, Language and Hearing, Federal University of Santa Catarina, R. Eng. Agron\u00f4mico Andrei Cristian Ferreira, s/n - Trindade, Florian\u00f3polis, Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, Brazil.",
            "firstname": "Fabiane M",
            "initials": "FM",
            "lastname": "Stefani"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Geoffrey and Robyn Sperber Health Sciences Library, \u00a0Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Ave NW, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB T6G 1C9, Canada.",
            "firstname": "Janice Y",
            "initials": "JY",
            "lastname": "Kung"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Mike Petrik School of Dentistry,\u00a0University of Alberta, 5-528 ECHA, 11405 87 Ave NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada.",
            "firstname": "Sharon",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Compton"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Mike Petrik School of Dentistry,\u00a0University of Alberta, 5-528 ECHA, 11405 87 Ave NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada.\nDepartamento de Odontologia Social, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, San Mart\u00edn de Porres,\u00a0Lima 15102, Peru.",
            "firstname": "Carlos",
            "initials": "C",
            "lastname": "Flores-Mir"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": "Although no high-level evidence currently supports the effectiveness of OMT for managing OMDs associated with malocclusion traits, its potential effectiveness remains plausible. Level 2 evidence suggests that OMT may effectively manage OMDs following orthognathic surgery.",
    "copyrights": "\u00a9 The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Orthodontic Society.",
    "doi": "10.1093/ejo/cjaf024\n10.1159/000516414\n10.1186/s12903-021-01458-7\n10.23736/S0026-4970.18.04015-3\n10.22514/jocpd.2024.029\n10.1186/s40510-018-0206-4\n10.1590/2176-9451.19.4.094-099.oar\n10.7326/M18-0850\n10.7759/cureus.56285\n10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.02.016\n10.1016/j.jormas.2023.101511\n10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.07.016\n10.1016/j.pio.2011.08.002\n10.1051/orthodfr/2018025\n10.4067/S2452-55882021000300229\n10.1177/1465312519880558\n10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.01.012\n10.1093/ejo/cjy014\n10.1186/s12903-021-01605-0\n10.1093/ejo/cjv044\n10.1016/j.kjms.2018.01.006\n10.23804/ejpd.2021.22.04.5\n10.1111/ocr.12240\n10.1016/j.ajoms.2011.07.009\n10.1016/j.jds.2020.01.006\n10.52010/ijom.2017.43.1.5\n10.3390/app11188488\n10.52010/IJOM.2017.43.1.5\n10.1590/1678-7757-2017-0164",
    "journal": "European journal of orthodontics",
    "keywords": [
        "malocclusion",
        "myofunctional therapy",
        "open bite",
        "orthognathic surgery",
        "scoping review"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2025-04-16",
    "pubmed_id": "40237387\n16739708\n34107494\n33691678\n29879804\n38548628\n29532184\n9487828\n25279527\n30178033\n40166722\n11201957\n38623106\n38425317\n28351692\n37625379\n20451779\n22583588\n30255844\n31597520\n9601228\n9601227\n21338982\n29617755\n33962610\n26136435\n29655410\n35034464\n30152171\n33505611\n29412368\n27252173",
    "results": "Twenty-four studies were included (18 primary studies and 6 reviews). Seven studies focused on OMDs associated with malocclusion sagittal characteristics (Class I, II, or III), ten examined open-bite-related OMDs, and seven explored OMDs following orthognathic surgery. Only four studies (22%) were randomized controlled trials (RCTs); most studies lacked proper randomization procedures, did not report allocation concealment, and three of the four RCTs were open-label. Among the six comparisons identified, five were deemed plausible (four with a level of evidence 3 and one with a level of evidence 2). No comparisons were rated at level 1 evidence. As a result, the effectiveness of OMT alone or in combination with orthodontic treatment for the conditions of interest could not be conclusively confirmed. Further well-designed RCTs are needed to confirm or refute this finding and to strengthen the overall evidence base.",
    "title": "Impact of myofunctional therapy on orthodontic management and orthognathic surgery outcomes: a scoping review.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788506caac00>"
}