{
    "abstract": "The experience of the Utrecht State University with postcoital estrogens in high and low combined doses and with postcoital placement of IUDs since 1964 with over 4000 patients is summarized. The high dose postcoital estrogen treatment consists of 5 mg ethinyl estradiol for 5 days, either orally, or in case of vomiting not controlled by an antiemetic, estradiol benzoate 30 mg by injection. Side effects recorded in 3016 women were nausea in 54%, vomiting in 24%, tender breasts in 23%, menorrhagia in 11%, altered cycle length in 24%. Complications were 1 case of non-fatal pulmonary edema and 1 case of an 8 kg weight gain during treatment. There were 3 pregnancies. The overall failure rate in the whole series was 0.15%, with 10% ectopic pregnancies. There were no thromboembolisms or teratogenic effects. The combined estrogen treatment consisted of 50 mc ethinyl estradiol with 250 mc levonorgestrel (Neogynon oral contraceptive), 2 pills followed by 2 pills 12 hours later. A double-blind randomized trial resulted in no significant differences in pregnancy rates or side effects between the high and low dose regimens. The alternate treatment, if the woman presents more than 72 hours after intercourse, or if estrogens are contraindicated, is postcoital insertion of an IUD. The Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology does not place an IUD in a woman with infection nor in case of rape unless there is time for a complete work-up. Nulliparas are informed of the increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease. Recently, the Multiload-copper 250 and later ML 375 were used exclusively, to achieve better blastocidal effect and lower expulsion rates. The ethical debate over use of postcoital methods centers around the morality of \"procuring a miscarriage,\" but this argument is not relevant since these methods will not terminate a pregnancy once implantation has occurred. In the Netherlands, 25% of all abortion clients become pregnant during their 1st intercourse. In 1982, 35,000 postcoital contraceptives were administered, (roughly 16% of all pregnancies), compared to 15,000 abortions (7% of pregnancies; a total of 23% of pregnancies terminated). Compare these figures with 29% unwanted pregnancies all terminated by abortion in Sweden in that year. The postcoital methods are cheap, effective, and invaluable in emergency cases of rape, incest, intoxication, failure of barrier contraceptives, or unwanted pregnancy in women fearful or opposed to abortion.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": null,
            "firstname": "A A",
            "initials": "AA",
            "lastname": "Haspels"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": null,
            "firstname": "M R",
            "initials": "MR",
            "lastname": "Van Santen"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": null,
    "doi": null,
    "journal": "Journal of gynaecological endocrinology",
    "keywords": [
        "Biology",
        "Contraception",
        "Contraception Failure",
        "Contraceptive Agents",
        "Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen",
        "Contraceptive Agents, Female",
        "Contraceptive Agents, Postcoital--beneficial effects",
        "Contraceptive Agents, Postcoital--side effects",
        "Contraceptive Agents, Progestin",
        "Contraceptive Agents--beneficial effects",
        "Contraceptive Agents--side effects",
        "Contraceptive Methods--administraction and dosage",
        "Contraceptive Usage",
        "Demographic Factors",
        "Developed Countries",
        "Diseases",
        "Endocrine System",
        "Ethics",
        "Ethinyl Estradiol",
        "Europe",
        "Family Planning",
        "Fertility",
        "Fertility Control, Postcoital",
        "Fertility Measurements",
        "Gastrointestinal Effects",
        "Hormones",
        "Implantation",
        "Infections",
        "Iud",
        "Iud, Copper Releasing",
        "Levonorgestrel",
        "Mammary Gland Effects",
        "Menstruation Disorders",
        "Nausea",
        "Netherlands",
        "Nulliparity",
        "Oral Contraceptives, Combined--administraction and dosage",
        "Oral Contraceptives--administraction and dosage",
        "Parity",
        "Pelvic Infections",
        "Physiology",
        "Population",
        "Population Dynamics",
        "Pregnancy",
        "Pregnancy Complications",
        "Pregnancy, Ectopic",
        "Pregnancy, First Trimester",
        "Preimplantation Phase",
        "Reproduction",
        "Signs And Symptoms",
        "Vomiting",
        "Western Europe"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "1986-01-01",
    "pubmed_id": "12269214",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Post coital contraception.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788501ce08b0>"
}