{
    "abstract": "The ever-increasing volume of medical imaging data and interest in Big Data research brings challenges to data organization, categorization, and retrieval. Although the radiological value chain is almost entirely digital, data structuring has been widely performed pragmatically, but with insufficient naming and metadata standards for the stringent needs of image analysis. To enable automated data management independent of naming and metadata, this study focused on developing a convolutional neural network (CNN) that classifies medical images based solely on voxel data.\nA 3D CNN (3D-ResNet18) was trained using a dataset of 31,602 prostate MRI volumes with 10 different sequence types of 1243 patients. A five-fold cross-validation approach with patient-based splits was chosen for training and testing. Training was repeated with a gradual reduction in training data assessing classification accuracies to determine the minimum training data required for sufficient performance. The trained model and developed method were tested on three external datasets.\nThe model achieved an overall accuracy of 99.88\u00a0% \u00b1 0.13\u00a0% in classifying typical prostate MRI sequence types. When being trained with approximately 10\u00a0% of the original cohort (112 patients), the CNN still achieved an accuracy of 97.43\u00a0% \u00b1 2.10\u00a0%. In external testing the model achieved sensitivities of\u00a0>\u00a090\u00a0% for 10/15 tested sequence types.\nThe herein developed CNN enabled automatic and reliable sequence identification in prostate MRI. Ultimately, such CNN models for voxel-based sequence identification could substantially enhance the management of medical imaging data, improve workflow efficiency and data quality, and allow for robust clinical AI workflows.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Radiology, Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: georg.baumgaertner@charite.de.",
            "firstname": "Georg L",
            "initials": "GL",
            "lastname": "Baumg\u00e4rtner"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Radiology, Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Stra\u00dfe 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: charlie.hamm@charite.de.",
            "firstname": "Charlie A",
            "initials": "CA",
            "lastname": "Hamm"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Radiology, Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: sophia.schulze-weddige@charite.de.",
            "firstname": "Sophia",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Schulze-Weddige"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Radiology, Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: richard.ruppel@charite.de.",
            "firstname": "Richard",
            "initials": "R",
            "lastname": "Ruppel"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Radiology, Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: nick-lasse.beetz@charite.de.",
            "firstname": "Nick L",
            "initials": "NL",
            "lastname": "Beetz"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Radiology, Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: madhuri.rudolph@charite.de.",
            "firstname": "Madhuri",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Rudolph"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Radiology, Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: franziska.draeger@charite.de.",
            "firstname": "Franziska",
            "initials": "F",
            "lastname": "Dr\u00e4ger"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Radiology, Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: konrad.froboese@charite.de.",
            "firstname": "Konrad P",
            "initials": "KP",
            "lastname": "Frob\u00f6se"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Radiology, Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: helena.posch@charite.de.",
            "firstname": "Helena",
            "initials": "H",
            "lastname": "Posch"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Radiology, Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: julian.lenk@charite.de.",
            "firstname": "Julian",
            "initials": "J",
            "lastname": "Lenk"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Faculty VI - Informatics and Media, Berliner Hochschule f\u00fcr Technik (BHT), Einstein Center Digital Future, 13353 Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: felix.biessmann@bht-berlin.de.",
            "firstname": "Felix",
            "initials": "F",
            "lastname": "Biessmann"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Radiology, Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Stra\u00dfe 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: tobias.penzkofer@charite.de.",
            "firstname": "Tobias",
            "initials": "T",
            "lastname": "Penzkofer"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "Copyright \u00a9 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.ejrad.2023.110964",
    "journal": "European journal of radiology",
    "keywords": [
        "Artificial Intelligence",
        "Data Management",
        "Machine Learning",
        "Magnetic Resonance Imaging",
        "Prostate"
    ],
    "methods": "A 3D CNN (3D-ResNet18) was trained using a dataset of 31,602 prostate MRI volumes with 10 different sequence types of 1243 patients. A five-fold cross-validation approach with patient-based splits was chosen for training and testing. Training was repeated with a gradual reduction in training data assessing classification accuracies to determine the minimum training data required for sufficient performance. The trained model and developed method were tested on three external datasets.",
    "publication_date": "2023-07-16",
    "pubmed_id": "37453274",
    "results": "The model achieved an overall accuracy of 99.88\u00a0% \u00b1 0.13\u00a0% in classifying typical prostate MRI sequence types. When being trained with approximately 10\u00a0% of the original cohort (112 patients), the CNN still achieved an accuracy of 97.43\u00a0% \u00b1 2.10\u00a0%. In external testing the model achieved sensitivities of\u00a0>\u00a090\u00a0% for 10/15 tested sequence types.",
    "title": "Metadata-independent classification of MRI sequences using convolutional neural networks: Successful application to prostate MRI.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x7885023fb740>"
}