{
    "abstract": "Attention deficit and/or hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most prevalent psychiatric disorder in children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) and frequently persists into adulthood. Although medication with stimulant has been demonstrated to be highly effective in idiopathic ADHD, evidence in 22q11DS is still scarce. Previous studies have shown safety and effectiveness of methylphenidate (MPH) on core symptoms of ADHD as well as improvement of associated cognitive deficits. However, only a limited number of cognitive domains have been explored.\nTwenty-three participants with 22q11DS and attention difficulties, aged 8-24 years, entered a clinical trial aiming to specify the effects of MPH on clinical symptoms, cognition, and daily-life behavior. The effects of treatment were compared with/without medication in a within-subject design. The trial included both participants na\u00efve to the molecule and chronic users.\nBenefit from the treatment was demonstrated through a decrease in core ADHD symptoms, specifically inattention symptoms, and improvement of cognitive measures of attention and inhibition. Conversely, no significant change was found for other executive functions (such as cognitive flexibility, working memory, initiation), learning, or memory. Moreover, no significant improvement on ecological measures of daily-life executive functioning was found, possibly because of the short treatment period. We replicated safety, and although very frequent, side effects were of mild intensity and comparable with previous findings.\nThis study extends the current knowledge on the effects of MPH in patients with 22q11DS. Treatment was found to be effective for core ADHD symptoms and cognitive measures of attention and inhibition.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.",
            "firstname": "Johanna",
            "initials": "J",
            "lastname": "Maeder"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.",
            "firstname": "Valentina",
            "initials": "V",
            "lastname": "Mancini"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.",
            "firstname": "Corrado",
            "initials": "C",
            "lastname": "Sandini"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.",
            "firstname": "Fiona",
            "initials": "F",
            "lastname": "Journal"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.\nClinical Psychology Unit for Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.\nCenter for Contextual Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.",
            "firstname": "Maude",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Schneider"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Cognitive Aging Laboratory, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.\nCenter for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, and Swiss National Center of Competences in Research LIVES-Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives, Geneva, Switzerland.",
            "firstname": "Matthias",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Kliegel"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.\nDepartment of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Switzerland.",
            "firstname": "Stephan",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Eliez"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "\u00a9 The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of CINP.",
    "doi": "10.1093/ijnp/pyab057\n10.1007/s00787-021-01780-z",
    "journal": "The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology",
    "keywords": [
        "22q11.2 deletion syndrome",
        "attention deficit",
        "clinical trial",
        "methylphenidate"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2021-08-29",
    "pubmed_id": "34453525\n12638061\n17606773\n23337092\n16680409\n33871687\n21077853\n12837874\n24231201\n30097390\n27189265\n19763664\n14658963\n22149470\n28740389\n26102514\n15823983\n21598176\n20573461\n27018204\n31460828\n27189754\n29922984\n31144615\n26400629\n15950017\n17541055\n24311552\n24965264\n24577245\n24959159\n19252145\n20881946\n24016317\n32757634\n29378061\n25733754\n21186969\n22976615\n15950006\n14588688\n22017969",
    "results": "Benefit from the treatment was demonstrated through a decrease in core ADHD symptoms, specifically inattention symptoms, and improvement of cognitive measures of attention and inhibition. Conversely, no significant change was found for other executive functions (such as cognitive flexibility, working memory, initiation), learning, or memory. Moreover, no significant improvement on ecological measures of daily-life executive functioning was found, possibly because of the short treatment period. We replicated safety, and although very frequent, side effects were of mild intensity and comparable with previous findings.",
    "title": "Selective Effects of Methylphenidate on Attention and Inhibition in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: Results From a Clinical Trial.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788506c1d210>"
}