{
    "abstract": "Chimpanzee societies generally show male philopatry and female dispersal. However, demographic data on wild chimpanzee societies from long-term study sites have revealed that some females give birth in their natal group (i.e., \"remaining females\"). Here, we report two remaining females in the M group in Mahale, Tanzania, and compare their cases with previous reports to explore the social and ecological factors that lead to females remaining in their natal group. The results revealed that neither the social traits of the remaining females nor the ecological factors they experienced showed a coherent trend. However, we found multiple, non-mutually exclusive potential factors that may influence the decision by females to remain in their natal group: a decrease in indirect feeding competition, support from mothers or allomothers in the care of offspring and in aggressive interactions with other individuals, close relationships with the other remaining females, and a short adolescent infertility period. Additionally, we observed a natal female copulating with her older brother, which was the first observation of brother-sister incest in Mahale. Although DNA analysis revealed that her infant was not a product of inbreeding, the pair copulated frequently in the latter half of her estrus period, suggesting that they did not avoid incest behaviorally to avoid inbreeding. Furthermore, there was no hard evidence that the remaining female avoided mating with her maternal brother, suggesting that incest avoidance may not be a proximate factor responsible for female dispersal.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, 457-4 Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita, Kyoto, 603-8047, Japan. matsumoto@chikyu.ac.jp.\nGraduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-Cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan. matsumoto@chikyu.ac.jp.",
            "firstname": "Takuya",
            "initials": "T",
            "lastname": "Matsumoto"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "The Center for African Area Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Shimo-Adachi-Cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.",
            "firstname": "Shunkichi",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Hanamura"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Veterinary Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Bunkyodai-Midori, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan.",
            "firstname": "Takanori",
            "initials": "T",
            "lastname": "Kooriyama"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, N10W5 Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan.\nJapan Monkey Centre, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-0081, Japan.",
            "firstname": "Takashi",
            "initials": "T",
            "lastname": "Hayakawa"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan.",
            "firstname": "Eiji",
            "initials": "E",
            "lastname": "Inoue"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": null,
    "doi": "10.1007/s10329-020-00886-3\n10.1111/j.1469-185X.2011.00201.x\n10.1038/337070a0\n10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05232.x\n10.1046/j.1365-294X.2001.01262.x\n10.1006/anbe.2003.2210\n10.1007/s10329-007-0054-1\n10.1007/BF02347833\n10.5134/143527\n10.1007/BF02381663\n10.1002/ajpa.20865\n10.1896/052.026.0105\n10.1007/s10329-006-0031-0\n10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.05.029\n10.1007/s10764-008-9276-3\n10.1002/jwmg.604\n10.5962/bhl.title.143318\n10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00374.x\n10.1007/s10329-015-0499-6\n10.1007/s10329-005-0158-4\n10.1002/evan.10008\n10.1006/anbe.2002.4014\n10.1126/science.7915048\n10.1017/CBO9781107280533\n10.1017/CBO9781107280533\n10.1017/CBO9781107280533\n10.1007/BF02381879\n10.1002/ajp.10068\n10.1016/S0003-3472(80)80063-7\n10.1016/0169-5347(96)10028-8\n10.1126/science.277.5327.828\n10.1002/ajp.20177\n10.1007/BF02629626\n10.1017/CBO9780511721915.012\n10.1163/156853909X413853\n10.1007/BF02557702\n10.1002/ajpa.10345\n10.1007/978-4-431-53921-6_4\n10.1007/BF00293242\n10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.10.010\n10.1530/jrf.0.1090297\n10.1017/9781108674218.010\n10.1002/ajp.20582",
    "journal": "Primates; journal of primatology",
    "keywords": [
        "Adolescent infertility",
        "Female dispersal pattern",
        "Incest breeding",
        "Paternity identification",
        "Social structure"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2021-01-15",
    "pubmed_id": "33442833\n21929715\n2909891\n21883582\n11380884\n17721678\n18512686\n17245542\n9633105\n26553203\n16228665\n7915048\n12619045\n21237809\n9242614\n16229006\n23179532\n15160368\n29447755\n9155740\n18543321",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Female chimpanzees giving first birth in their natal group in Mahale: attention to incest between brothers and sisters.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788503a017b0>"
}