{
    "abstract": "Pirfenidone (PFD) is one of the first-line drugs for treating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, while directly delivering PFD to lung showed better efficiency. However, PFD is a non-glass former and easily precipitates into larger-sized crystals that are undesirable for pulmonary delivery. Hence, the fabrication of PFD particles with pulmonary delivery efficiency remains challenging. Herein, a series of particles were prepared by spray freeze drying a PFD and leucine mixed solution. The sub-ambient behavior of the mixed solution was evaluated via a differential scanning calorimeter. The effects of the PFD/leucine mass ratio and freezing temperature on the particle morphology, size, crystal polymorphism, molecular structure and in vitro aerosol performance were investigated. Shortening the lifetime of the droplet and adding proper amounts of leucine are the keys to decreasing the PFD crystal size and improving its dispersity. The optimal sample is SF",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Engineering Research Centre of Advanced Powder Technology (ERCAPT), School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, PR China.",
            "firstname": "Kangwei",
            "initials": "K",
            "lastname": "Lu"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Engineering Research Centre of Advanced Powder Technology (ERCAPT), School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, PR China. Electronic address: syan12@stu.suda.edu.cn.",
            "firstname": "Shen",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Yan"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Engineering Research Centre of Advanced Powder Technology (ERCAPT), School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, PR China.",
            "firstname": "Baoyun",
            "initials": "B",
            "lastname": "Li"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Engineering Research Centre of Advanced Powder Technology (ERCAPT), School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, PR China.",
            "firstname": "Jingye",
            "initials": "J",
            "lastname": "Ma"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Engineering Research Centre of Advanced Powder Technology (ERCAPT), School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, PR China.",
            "firstname": "Xinpei",
            "initials": "X",
            "lastname": "Wu"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Engineering Research Centre of Advanced Powder Technology (ERCAPT), School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, PR China.",
            "firstname": "Wenqi",
            "initials": "W",
            "lastname": "Yan"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Engineering Research Centre of Advanced Powder Technology (ERCAPT), School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, PR China.",
            "firstname": "Shengyu",
            "initials": "S",
            "lastname": "Zhang"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Engineering Research Centre of Advanced Powder Technology (ERCAPT), School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, PR China.",
            "firstname": "Xiao Dong",
            "initials": "XD",
            "lastname": "Chen"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Engineering Research Centre of Advanced Powder Technology (ERCAPT), School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, PR China. Electronic address: duo.wu@suda.edu.cn.",
            "firstname": "Winston Duo",
            "initials": "WD",
            "lastname": "Wu"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "Copyright \u00a9 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.125074",
    "journal": "International journal of pharmaceutics",
    "keywords": [
        "Microcrystals",
        "Non-glass former",
        "Pirfenidone",
        "Precipitation",
        "Pulmonary drug delivery"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2024-12-15",
    "pubmed_id": "39674382",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Pirfenidone microcrystals for pulmonary delivery: Regulation of the precipitation behavior in the supercooled droplet.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x7885052447c0>"
}