{
    "abstract": "Although flow simulations have become more accurate, hemolysis prediction models still show large deviations from measured values in blood-carrying devices. To develop and validate more accurate models, specific hemolysis experiments are needed to determine the influence of parameters on hemolysis, such as stress type and exposure time typical for rotary blood pumps (RBPs).\nIn order to investigate the applicability of the hemolysis models to the flow in RBPs, this study performed experiments with human whole blood in three differently shaped flow channels that generate short-term stress peaks. CFD simulations were performed and the applicability of the stress-based and strain-based hemolysis models was investigated by comparing them with the experimental results.\nLow and statistically non-significant hemolysis was measured for all geometries and 1200 load repetitions. The CFD simulations determined scalar shear stresses up to 1500\u2009Pa with exposure times in the millisecond range. The stress-based hemolysis model overestimated hemolysis by several orders of magnitude and predicted significant differences between the three flow channels. The strain-based hemolysis model predicted low and approximately equal hemolysis, in agreement with the experimental results.\nThe results suggest that the stress-based hemolysis model is not appropriate for the applied short-term stress peaks. The strain-based model, which considers the deformation of the RBCs over time, appears to be more appropriate for this type of flow. This implies a similar relationship for RBPs, where these short-term stress peaks are typical.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Biofluid Mechanics Laboratory, Institute of Computer-Assisted Cardiovascular Medicine, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charit\u00e9, Berlin, Germany.\nCharit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.",
            "firstname": "Michael",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Lommel"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Biofluid Mechanics Laboratory, Institute of Computer-Assisted Cardiovascular Medicine, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charit\u00e9, Berlin, Germany.\nCharit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.",
            "firstname": "Vera",
            "initials": "V",
            "lastname": "Froese"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Biofluid Mechanics Laboratory, Institute of Computer-Assisted Cardiovascular Medicine, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charit\u00e9, Berlin, Germany.\nCharit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.",
            "firstname": "Henri",
            "initials": "H",
            "lastname": "Wolff"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Chair for Computational Analysis of Technical Systems, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.",
            "firstname": "Nico",
            "initials": "N",
            "lastname": "Dirkes"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Biofluid Mechanics Laboratory, Institute of Computer-Assisted Cardiovascular Medicine, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charit\u00e9, Berlin, Germany.\nCharit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.",
            "firstname": "Katharina",
            "initials": "K",
            "lastname": "Vellguth"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Chair for Computational Analysis of Technical Systems, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.",
            "firstname": "Marek",
            "initials": "M",
            "lastname": "Behr"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Biofluid Mechanics Laboratory, Institute of Computer-Assisted Cardiovascular Medicine, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charit\u00e9, Berlin, Germany.\nCharit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.",
            "firstname": "Ulrich",
            "initials": "U",
            "lastname": "Kertzscher"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": "The results suggest that the stress-based hemolysis model is not appropriate for the applied short-term stress peaks. The strain-based model, which considers the deformation of the RBCs over time, appears to be more appropriate for this type of flow. This implies a similar relationship for RBPs, where these short-term stress peaks are typical.",
    "copyrights": "\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Artificial Organs published by International Center for Artificial Organ and Transplantation (ICAOT) and Wiley Periodicals LLC.",
    "doi": "10.1111/aor.15002",
    "journal": "Artificial organs",
    "keywords": [
        "CFD",
        "experiments",
        "flow channel",
        "hemolysis",
        "hemolysis model",
        "rotary blood pumps"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2025-04-16",
    "pubmed_id": "40237131",
    "results": "Low and statistically non-significant hemolysis was measured for all geometries and 1200 load repetitions. The CFD simulations determined scalar shear stresses up to 1500\u2009Pa with exposure times in the millisecond range. The stress-based hemolysis model overestimated hemolysis by several orders of magnitude and predicted significant differences between the three flow channels. The strain-based hemolysis model predicted low and approximately equal hemolysis, in agreement with the experimental results.",
    "title": "Experimental Investigation of the Applicability of the Stress-Based and Strain-Based Hemolysis Models for Short-Term Stress Peaks Typical for Rotary Blood Pumps.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x788506f94d10>"
}