{
    "abstract": "We explored the feasibility of using urinary metabolites of p-chloronitrobenzene (p-CNB) as exposure biomarkers of occupational p-CNB exposure. Forty-two workers exposed to p-CNB during their jobs at a chemical enterprise in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, China were included in the exposure group, while administrative personnel who do not come into contact with p-CNB at work were included in the control group. Each worker in the exposure group was equipped with a personal air sampler to collect airborne p-CNB samples, and urine samples were collected at the conclusion of each shift. After sample collection, the airborne p-CNB concentrations and urinary metabolite concentrations were detected by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and ultra-performance liquid chromatography - quadrupole - orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry, respectively. The urinary metabolite concentrations were corrected by the content of urinary creatinine. Subsequently, the correlations between the urinary metabolite concentrations and the p-CNB time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations were assessed using correlation analysis. All p-CNB TWA concentrations measured in this study were below the occupational exposure limit in the Chinese national standards. In the exposure group, N-acetyl-S-(4-nitrophenyl)-L-cysteine (NANPC), 2-chloro-5-nitrophenol (2C5NP), p-chloroacetanilide (p-CAA), p-chlorooxanilic acid (p-COA), 2-amino-5-chlorophenol (2A5CP), and p-chloroaniline (p-CA) were detected at varying levels. The percentages of NANPC, 2C5NP, p - CAA, p - COA, 2A5CP, and p - CA were 64.1%, 5.1%, 0.3%, 15.1%, 5.1%, and 10.3%, respectively. We found extremely significant positive relationships (p\u2009<\u20090.01) between the urinary metabolite concentrations (p-CA, 2C5NP, 2A5CP, NANPC, and p-COA) and the p-CNB TWA concentrations, with respective correlation coefficients of 0.827, 0.673, 0.790, 0.714, and 0.741. Thus, these five metabolites may be used as exposure biomarkers of occupational p-CNB exposure. Moreover, among these metabolites, NANPC was identified as the most suitable exposure biomarker because it had the highest correlation coefficient and the highest content in urine.",
    "authors": [
        {
            "affiliation": "Institute of Occupational Health and Radiation Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China.",
            "firstname": "Peng",
            "initials": "P",
            "lastname": "Wang"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Department of Health Hazards Control, Shaoxing Shangyu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shangyu, Shaoxing, China.",
            "firstname": "Lifang",
            "initials": "L",
            "lastname": "Han"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Institute of Occupational Health and Radiation Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China.",
            "firstname": "Hua",
            "initials": "H",
            "lastname": "Zou"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Institute of Occupational Health and Radiation Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China.",
            "firstname": "Yiyao",
            "initials": "Y",
            "lastname": "Cao"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Institute of Occupational Health and Radiation Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China.",
            "firstname": "Xiangjing",
            "initials": "X",
            "lastname": "Gao"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Institute of Occupational Health and Radiation Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China.",
            "firstname": "Hong",
            "initials": "H",
            "lastname": "Ren"
        },
        {
            "affiliation": "Institute of Occupational Health and Radiation Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China. qlxu@cdc.zj.cn.",
            "firstname": "Qiuliang",
            "initials": "Q",
            "lastname": "Xu"
        }
    ],
    "conclusions": null,
    "copyrights": "\u00a9 2025. The Author(s).",
    "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-96891-x",
    "journal": "Scientific reports",
    "keywords": [
        "Biomarkers",
        "Metabolites",
        "Occupational exposure",
        "p-Chloronitrobenzene"
    ],
    "methods": null,
    "publication_date": "2025-04-16",
    "pubmed_id": "40234675\n914368\n3350604\n3360623\n27121198\n22750350\n22368810\n36590749\n8013283\n7905396\n1494891\n17438650\n39068868",
    "results": null,
    "title": "Evaluation of urinary metabolites as biomarkers for occupational p-chloronitrobenzene exposure: a pilot study.",
    "xml": "<Element 'PubmedArticle' at 0x78850573e6b0>"
}